CA2465698A1 - Extended release formulations of erythromycin derivatives - Google Patents

Abstract

An extended release pharmaceutical composition comprises an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, the composition has an improved taste profile as compared to an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

Description

EXTENDED RELEASE FORMULATIONS
OF ERYTHROMYCIN DERIVATIVES
Technical Field The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions of erythromycin derivatives with an extended release of an active compound in the gastrointestinal environment. More particularly, it relates to pharmaceutical compositions of clarithromycin which are ingested daily as a single oral administration.
This Application is a Divisional of Canadian Patent Application Serial Number 2,325,541, filed March 6, 1998.
Background Of The Invention Erythromycin and its derivatives are known for their antibacterial activity against a number of organisms or activity in a number of indications and are typically administered as immediate release (IR) compositions, two or three times a day, for a regimen of 10 to 14 days. These compounds have a bitter taste. In particular, the 6-O-methoxyerythromycin A (clarithromycin) has a bitter metallic taste which can result in poor compliance of the regimen or selection of another, possibly less effective, therapeutic agent.
One approach to improve the possible non-compliance with the regimen has been to develop controlled release solid preparations containing these erythromycin derivatives in an alginate matrix comprising a water-soluble alginate and a complex salt of alginic acid, having one cation that yields a soluble alginate salt and another cation that alone yields an insoluble alginate salt. These formulations are described in U. S. Patent 4,842,866, issued June 27, 1989. However, in-vivo animal studies showed that reproducibly bioavailable controlled release formulation were not possible using alginates or any other monolithic hydrogel tablets.

To overcome some of the problems associated with the formulations described in U.S. Patent 4,842,866, improved controlled release formulations for poorly soluble basic drugs such as erythromycin derivatives including clarithromycin, have been developed and are described in Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2,202,714, filed November 1 S, 1996. The formulations described in the patent application comprise a poorly soluble basic drug and citric acid in an alginate matrix. The formulations are administered once a day and are directed towards increasing the bioavailability of the active ingredient so that it is bioequivalent with the current immediate release, twice-a-day compositions. However, these controlled release compositions do not purport to minimize the adverse effects related to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including nausea and vomiting and a phenomenon described as taste perversion.
One approach to address taste perversion has been to develop acceptable palatable liquid oral dosage forms of these drugs as described in U. S. Patent 4,808,411, issued February 28, 1989. However, these formulations are administered twice-a-day for a period of 10 to 14 days and do not address the frequency and duration of the administration regimen, or the adverse effects related to GI disorders. Therefore, there still exists a need for developing a pharmaceutical composition which minimizes the adverse effects described above and provides a degree of drug plasma concentration control which is equivalent to or better than the (IR) tablet or liquid formulations currently used.
Summary Of The Invention In accordance with the present invention there is provided an extended release pharmaceutical composition comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, the composition having an improved taste profile as compared to an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.
It has been discovered that the extended release (ER) formulations of the present invention and described herein and which comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, provide extended release clarithromycin in vivo when given once daily. Maximum concentrations (Cmax) of clarithromycin in plasma are statistically significantly lower than the IR formulation given twice daily, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the minimum plasma concentration are maintained over 24 hours. In contrast, for the controlled release formulations described in the aforementioned Canadian Patent Application, Serial No.

2,202,714, filed November 25, 1996, the CmaX values are not statistically significantly different from those for the IR formulation. And while the AUCO-24 is maintained, the Cm~~ is statistically significantly lower for the controlled-release formulations relative to the IR formulation.
The compositions of the invention have surprisingly a two- to three-fold reduction in incidence rates for taste perversion compared to the IR
formulation.
The present disclosure also describes a pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, so that when ingested orally, the composition induces statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in the plasma than an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.
The present disclosure also describes a pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, so that upon oral ingestion, maximum peak concentrations of the erythromycin derivative are statistically significantly lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition, and an area under the concentration-time curve and the minimum plasma concentration are substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition.
The present disclosure also describes a method of using an extended release, pharmaceutical composition comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, comprising administering the composition in an effective amount for the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative is maintained.
Brief Description Of The Drawings Figure 1 illustrates the mean in vivo plasma concentration-time profiles following single dose of three S00 mg ER tablets containing clarithromycin and 10%, 20% or 30%, respectively, by weight of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K
100 LV, as compared to that of the reference 500 mg IR clarithromycin tablet.
Figure 2 illustrates the mean in vivo plasma concentration-time profiles following multiple doses of each of the two ER tablets containing 10% or 20%, respectively, of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose K 100 LV as compared to the reference IR tablet. The dosage forms included two 500 mg ER tablets given once daily or one IR 500 mg clarithromycin every 12 hours, respectively, administered for three days with food.
Figure 3 illustrates the mean in vivo plasma concentration-time profiles following multiple doses of clarithromycin one-daily 1000 mg (not an example of the invention) and IR 500 mg twice-a-day.

Detailed Descr~tion Of The Invention "500 mg or 1000 mg" as used herein, means the strength of tablet composition containing 500 mg darithromycin, or the dose administered as 2x500 mg of clarithromycin, respectively.
5 "C~,aX" as used herein, means maximum plasma concentration of the erythromycin derivative, produced by the ingestion of the composition of the invention or the IR comparator.
"C,~,;n" as used herein, means minimum plasma concentration of the erythromycin derivative, produced by the ingestion of the composition of the to invention or the IR comparator.
"Cav~~~ as used herein, means the average concentration within the 24-hour interval.
"T~x" as used herein, means time to the maximum observed plasma concentration.
~5 "AUC" as used herein, means area under the plasma concentration-time curve, as calculated by the trapezoidal rule over the complete 24-hour interval for all the formulations.
"Degree of Fluctuation (DFL)" as used herein, is expressed as:
DFL=(C~-Cmin)/Cavg.
20 "Erythromycin derivative" as used herein, means erythromycin having no substituent groups, or having conventional substituent groups, in organic synthesis, in place of a hydrogen atom of the hydroxy groups and/or a methyl group of the 3'-dimethylamino group, which is prepared according to the conventional manner.
25 "Pharmaceutically acceptable" as used herein, means those compounds which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, in keeping with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use in the chemotherapy and 3o prophylaxis of antimicrobial infections.
"Adverse effects" as used herein, means those physiological effects to various systems in the body such as cardiovascular systems, nervous system, digestive system, and body as a whole, which cause pain and discomfort to the individual subject.
35 "Taste perversion" as used herein, means the perception of a bitter metallic taste normally associated with the erythromycin derivatives, particularly, with clarithromycin.

The pllam~aceutical compositions of the invention described herein comprise a pharmaceutically active compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer.
The pharmaceutically active compound is an erythromycin derivative. Preferably, the erythromycin derivative is 6-O-methoxy erythromycin A, known as clarithromycin.
The amount of the erythromycin derivative varies, from about 45% to about 60%
by weight of the composition. Preferably, the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative.
The pharmaceutically acceptable polymer may be a water-soluble hydrophilic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/
crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, malefic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polymer is selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose.
More preferably, the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Most preferably, the polymer is a low viscosity hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 cps to about 200 cps. The most preferred low viscosity polymer is a hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose with a viscosity of about 100 cps, commercially available under the Trade-mark Methocel K 100 LV from The Dow Chemical Company.

The amount of the polymer in the composition generally varies from about S%
to about SO% by weight of the composition. Preferably, the amount of polymers varies from about 10% to about 3S% by weight of the composition. Most preferably, the amount of polymer varies from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the composition.
The composition of the invention may further comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or fillers and extenders, such as lactose, starches, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, and silicic acid, lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
The amount of the lubricants generally varies from about O.S% to about 10%
by weight of the composition. Preferably, the lubricants used are magnesium stearate and talc in the total amounts ranging from about 1.0% to about 4.0% by weight of the composition. The amount of fillers and extenders varies from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the composition.
A particularly preferred composition for the extended release of the active compound therefrom comprises:

about 500 mg of clarithromycin; and from 100 to 300 mg of Methocel K 100 LV.
The formulations are generally prepared by dry blending the polymer, filler, erythromycin derivative, and other excipients followed by granulating 5 the mixture using water until proper granulation is obtained. The granulation is done by methods known in the art. The wet granules are dried in a fluid bed dryer, sifted and ground to appropriate size. Lubricating agents are mixed with the dried granulation to obtain the final formulation.
The compositions of the invention can be administered orally in the i0 form of tablets, pills, or suspensions. The tablets can be prepared by techniques known in the art and contain a therapeutically useful amount of erythromycin derivative and such excipients as are necessary to form the tablet by such techniques. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings and other release-controlling coatings for the purpose of light protection, and ~5 swallowability. The coating may be colored with a pharmaceutically accepted dye. The amount of dye and other excipients in the coating liquid may vary and will not impact the performance of the extended release tablets. The coating liquid generally comprises film forming polymers such as hydroxy-propyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, cellulose ester or ether, an 20 acrylic polymer or a mixture of polymers. The coating solution is generally an aqueous solution further comprising propylene glycol, sorbitan monoleate, sorbic acid, fillers such as titanium dioxide, a pharmaceutically acceptable dye.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, 25 suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art such as water. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; and sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
The daily dose of the composition of this invention administered to a 30 host in single dose can be in the amounts from 500 mg to 1000 mg once-a-day for five to fourteen days.
Pharmacokinetic Study The bioavailability study for the formulations of the invention can be 35 done by administering the ER formulation in a tablet form to healthy subjects and measuring the levels of erythromycin derivative in the plasma at different time intervals over a period of twenty four hours.
_ g _ Plasma samples are assayed for erythromycin derivative at BAS
Analytics (West Lafayette, Indiana) using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure similar to that described in the literature. See for example, Chu S-Y, et aL, "Simultaneous determination of clarithromycin and 14(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection", J. Chromatog., 571, pp 199-208 (1991).
Adverse Effects and Taste Profile Adverse effects including those related to the digestive system, nervous system, respiratory system and special senses, including taste perversion, are measured by dosing subjects with multiple doses of 1000 mg of ER and IR
tablets per day, respectively. The adverse effects are monitored, reported spontaneously by subjects and recorded on case report forms for the skudy database.
The invention will be understood more clearly from the following Examples, which are given solely by way of illustration and serve to provide a clear understanding of the invention and to illustrate its different embodiments as well as its various advantages.
Examples Example 1 Preparation of Formulation MethocelTM (K 100 LV) available from The Dow Chemical Company was loaded into a mixer, and dry blended with clarithromycin. The mixture was granulated using water until proper granulation was obtained. The granulation was then dried, sifted and ground to appropriate size.
Talc and magnesium stearate were screened and blended with dry 3o granulation. The granulation was then loaded into hopper and compressed into tablets. The tablets were then coated with an aqueous coating.
Three different formulations A, B, and C were prepared according to the general method described above. The compositions of three different tablet formulations are given below in Table 1.
_ g _ Table 1 Ingredient A B C
mg/tabletmg/tablet mg/tablet Water (USP, urified)Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

Clarithromycin 500.00 500.00 500.00 Methocel K 100 LV 200.00 100.00 300.00 Premium CR Grade*

Lactose, monohydrate260.00 360.00 160.00 Talc, USP 30.00 30.00 30.00 Magnesium Stearate 10.00 10.00 10.00 'Available from The Uow Chemical Company Example 2 Pharmacokinetic Study of the Extended Release Formulation The bioavailability study to determine the concentration-time plasma profile was done on healthy subjects. The study was conducted as a Phase I, single-dose, open, randomized, four-period, balanced cross-over study described below.
Single-Dose Study Twenty-four (24) healthy adult subjects were enrolled and 23 completed all phases of the study. For the 23 subjects who completed all phases of the study (12 males, 11 females), the mean age was 29 years (range: 19 to 49 years), the mean weight was 69.0 kg (range: 51.5 to 85 kg) and the mean height was 172 cm (range:
157 to 192 cm).
Clarithromycin 500 mg extended release tablets corresponding to the formulations A, B, and C of Example 1 and the 500 mg IR clarithromycin tablet (Reference Formulation), currently sold by Abbott Laboratories under the Trade-mark BIAXINTM, were administered to the 23 healthy subjects.
The study was conducted according to a single-dose, open-label, randomized four-period crossover design in which each subject received a single 500 mg dose of clarithromycin during each 30 minute period after starting breakfast. Wash-out periods of one week separated the doses.

Seven (7) ml blood samples were collected prior to dosing (0 hour) and at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 24.0, 36.0 and 48.0 hours after each dose.
Plasma samples were assayed for clarithromycin at BAS Analytics (West Lafayette, Indiana) using a validated high performance liquid chromatographic procedure.
Phannacokinetic Anal Values for clarithromycin pharmacokinetic parameters, including observed C",~x, T",~X, and AUCo.~, were calculated using standard noncompartmental methods.
The mean plasma concentration-time profiles for the single-dose study are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. I illustrates that all the three formulations of the invention are substantially equivalent in extended release of clarithromycin over a period of 24 hours.
Table II summarizes the pharmacokinetic results obtained after single-dosing in the above study.
Table II
Formulation Cmax (pg~ml) Tmax (h) AUCp.
(lt ~h/mL) A 1.19t0.60* S.Of 1.7* 15.0~6.5*

B 1.33 t 0.70*# 5.5 f 2.4* 15.1 f6.5*

C 1.01 f 0.48* 5.5 ~ 2.2* 14.8 f7.5*

Reference 2.57 t 0.70 2.2 ~ 0.5 17.7 t 5.6 Tablet * Statistically significantly different from the IR reference tablet # Statistically significantly different from Formulations A and C in analysis of logarithms statistical Analyses For Cn,ax, AUCp_~, Tr"ax, and the logarithms of Cr,,ax. and AUCp..~~ an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with sequence, subject nested within sequence, period and formulation as the sources of variation. Effects for subjects were random and all other effects were fixed. Within the framework of ANOVA, the formulations were compared pairwise, with each test at a significance level of 0.05. Also within the framework of the ANOVA for the logarithm of AUCp_~, bioequivalence of the ER formulations to the IR
reference formulation was assessed using the two one-sided tests procedure via 90% confidence intervals. The confidence intervals were obtained by exponetiating the endpoints of the confidence intervals for the difference of logarithm means.
Point estimates of relative bioavailability and 90% confidence intervals for the two one-sided tests procedure from analysis of log-transformed AUCp_ are set forth in Table III below.
Table III
Relative Bioavailability Formulation ComparisonPoint Estimate 90% Confidence Interval A vs Reference 0.815 0.737 - 0.902 B vs Reference 0.835 0.755 - 0.925 C vs Reference 0.787 0.711 - 0.871 The AUCp_~ central values were lower for the three ER formulations than for the reference IR tablet. The lower Cmax values and the later Tn.,ax values suggest that all the ER formulations with varying weight percent of polymer, provide extended-release of clarithromycin in vivo.
2o The lower AUCp-~ values for the ER formulations may suggest that for a single 500 mg dose administered under nonfasting conditions, the extent of absorption of ciarithromycin was reduced relative ko that of the reference IR
tablet.
_ , Multiple-Dose Study Twenty-four (24) healthy adult subjects were enrolled and 23 completed all phases of the study. Of the 23 who completed the study (19 males, 4 females), the mean age was 30 years (range: 20 to 47 years), the mean weight 5 was 72 kg (range: 51 to 87 kg) and the mean height was 176 cm (range: 159 to 189.5 cm).
The clarithromycin dosage forms included 500 mg ER tablets of Example 1 containing 10% or 20% by weight of K 100 LV, respectively, and a reference 500 mg IR tablet (BIAXIN).
to The study was conducted according to a single- and multiple-dose, open-label, randomized three-period crossover design.
Regimen A
A single 1000 mg dose of ER formulation A tablets (two 500 mg tablets) 15 was administered in the morning on Day 1. Beginning on Day 3, a multiple dose regimen of 1000 mg clarithromycin (two 500 mg tablets) was administered each morning for three days (Days 3-5).
Regimen B
2o A single 1000 mg dose of ER formulation B tablets (two 500 mg tablets) was administered in the morning on Day 1. Beginning on Day 3, a multiple dose regimen of 1000 mg clarithromycin (two 500 mg tablets) was administered each morning for three days (Days 3-5).
z5 Regimen C
A single 500 mg dose of IR tablet (BIAXIN) was administered in the morning on Day 1. Beginning on Day 3, a multiple dose regimen of 500 mg reference tablet BIAXIN was administered every twelve hours for three days.
Each morning dose was administered thirty minutes after breakfast.
3o Every evening dose was administered thirty minutes after starting the evening snack.
Wash-out periods of at least one week separated the last dose in a period and the first dose in the following period.
Seven (7) ml blood samples were collected before dosing on Day 1 (0 hr) 35 and at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 24.0, 36.0, and 48.0 hour after dosing.
For Regimen C, the 12 hour sample was collected within 5 minutes before the evening dose on Day 5. Plasma harvested from each blood sample was divided into two parts: approximately 5 mL for bioassay and the remainder of the sample for high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. Plasma samples were assayed for clarithromycin at BAS Analytics (West Lafayette, Indiana) using a validated high performance liquid chromatographic procedure.
Pharmacokinetic Analyses Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were calculated using noncompartmental methods. For the Day 1 data, the parameters estimated included Cmax, Tmax, AUCp_o, or AUCp~g, and tl~z. For the Day 5 data, the parameters estimated included Cmax. Tmax, Cmin. AUCo-24, and DFL.
Statistical Analyses No statistical analyses were performed on the bioassay data. Analyses of i5 variance (ANOVA) were performed for Day 1 and Day 5 pharmacokinetic variables with effects for regimen, period, sequence, and subject nested within sequence. The Cmax and AUCp_,o values for Regimen C were normalized to a 1000 mg dose. For the Day 1 and Day 5 AUC and C,.r,axvalues and for the Day 5 DFL values for both analytes, logarithmic transformation was employed. Each of the Regimens A and B were compared to the reference Regimen C at a significance level of 0.05. Within the framework of the ANOVAs for the Day 5 AUC values, equivalence of the ER formulations of the invention to the IR
reference tablet was assessed using the two one-sided tests procedure via 90%
confidence intervals.
The mean plasma concentration-time profiles for the multiple-dose study are illustrated in Fig. 2.
Table IV summarizes (mean ~ SD) of the Day 5 pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for the clarithromycin in the ER and IR formulations.
1A _ Table IV
FormulationCmax Cmin Tmax AUC~24 Fluctuation t~g/ml) (Itg/ml)(h) tL.ig~hlmLOIndex p 2.4510.69"0.700.378.614.439.612.8 1.110.31"t 2.66 0.67 6.91 40.2 1.24 0.37"
0.87" t 0.39 3.3" 13.8 IR 3.210.78 0.780.291.910.640.811.8 1.470.26 Reference Statistically significantly different from the reference IR formulation.
t Statistically significantly different from Regimen B.
Point estimates of the relative bioavailability and 90% confidence intervals for the two one-sided tests procedures of Day 5 AUCo-24 are set forth in Table V below. The results presented are for logarithmic-transformed clarithromycin AUC~24 values.
Table V
Relative Bioavailability Formulation ComparisonPoint Estimate 90% Confidence Interval A vs Reference 0.964 0.893 - 1.039 B vs Reference 0.970 0.899 - 1.046 to For this multiple dose study under nonfasting conditions, both the 10%
and 20% polymer ER formulations were bioequivalent to the reference IR
tablet with respect to the AUCo-24. The significantly lower Cmax central values and later Tmax values suggest that both the formulations provide extended release of clarithromycin in vivo. The significantly lower DFLs indicate that t5 plasma concentrations fluctuate less for the ER tablet regimens than for the IR
tablet regimen. Additionally, the significantly lower DFL for Regimen A
compared to Regimen B indicates that plasma concentrations from the 20%
polymer fluctuate less than those from the 10% polymer tablet.
S -Adverse Effects The adverse effects, including taste perversion (taste profile), were studied for the multiple-dose regimes described above.
Multiple-Dose Studv The formulations A and B of Example 1 (500 mg tablets) and the IR
BIAXIN (reference) 500 mg tablet were administered to healthy subjects in a multiple-dose regimen as described above.
lu Formulations Of The Invention A single dose (2 X 500 mg) of the formulations A and 8 of Example 1, was administered to the subjects, followed by a 48 hour wash-out period.
Multiple dosing in the morning with the 2 X 500 mg regimen, once-a-day, followed the washout for the next three days.
Reference A single dose of 500 mg IR BIAXIN tablet was administered to the subjects, followed by a 48 hour wash-out period. Multiple dosing with the 500 mg tablet, twice-a-day followed the washout for three days.
2o The adverse effects to the body as a whole, cardiovascular system, digestive system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and appendages, and special senses were measured by monitoring the subjects at regular time intervals. Subjects who reported the same COSTART term more than once were counted only once for that COSTART term.
The results of the adverse effects are set forth in Table VI below.

Table VI
DOSING REGIMEN

BODY SYSTEM A ~ Reference COSTART TERM (Nm 24) ~m ~) ~m ~) Percent of Total Subjects Overall 9 (37.5%) 10 (43.5%) 11 (47.8%) Body As A Whole6 (25.096) 3 (13.0%) 1 (4.30) Asthenia 2 (8.3%) 1 (4.3%) 0 (0.0%) Chills 0 (0.0%1 1 (4.3%a) 0 (0.0%) Headache 2 (8.3%) 2 (8.76) 0 (0.0~) Neck Rigidity 1 (4.2%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Pain 2 (8.3%) 0 (0.0!0) 1 (4.3%) Cardiovascular 1 (4.296) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) System Hypertension 1 (4.2%) U (0.0%) 0 (U.0%) Digestive System4 (16.7%) 4 (17.4%) 4 (1.~.4%) ~

Abdominal Pain 1 (4.2Jo) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) ~

Constipation 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0ro) 2 (8.7~) Diarrhea 2 (8.3ro) 3 (13.0%) 7 (4.396) Dyspepsia 2 (8.396? 2 (8.7%) 1 (4.3%) Flatulence 0 (0.096) 1 (4.3k) 0 (0.0~) Nausea 0 (0.06) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.3%) Nervous System 0 (0.0h) 1 (4.3%a) 2 (8.7k) Depersonalization0 (0.0~O) 1 (4.3%) 0 (0.096) Hypesthesia 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.3%) 1 (4.3%) lnsonvtia 0 (0.096) 7 (4.3k) 0 (0.06) Somnolence 0 (0.0~) 0 (0Ø6) 1 (4.396) Respiratory 1 (4.296) 1 (4.3.6) 3 (13.096) System Cough Increased1 (4.2%) 0 (0.06) 0 (0.096) Hiccup 0 (0Ø6) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.396) Pharyngitis 0 (0.0~) 1 (4.3%) 2 (8.7h) Rhinitis 1 (4.2.6) 1 (4.3~) 0 (0.096) _ » _ Table VI Continued DOSWG REGIMEN

BODY SYSTEM A 8 Reference I

COSTART TERM W m 24) (Nm 23) (Nm 23) Percent of'1'otal Subjects Skin and Appendages0 (0.0%) 2 (8.7~) 2 (8.7%) Rash 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.3~) 1 (4.3%) Skin Disorder 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.3%) 2 (8.?%) Special Senses 3 (12.5%) 3 (73.0do) 6 (26.1%a) Eye Disorder 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.3%) 0 (0.0%) Taste Perversion3 (12.5%) 2 (8.7%) 6 (26.1%) It is evident from the above Table VI that the adverse effects to the digestive, nervous and respiratory systems normally associated with BIAXIrI
are reduced with the ER tablets. The taste perversion with the formulations of the invention is significantly reduced. It is reasonably believed that the reduced adverse effects, particularly taste perversion, would lead to better compliance and a higher incidence of completion of the prescribed treatment regimen.
Comparative Example 3 The results of a corriparative pharmacokinetic study of the controlled release formulation A of the aforementioned Canadian Patent Application, Serial No. 2,202,714, filed November 25, 1996, as compared with the IR
(BIAXIN) are set forth in Table VII below.

Table VII
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin 909b Confidence 500 Interval PK-Parameter 1000 mg Point mg BID

Once-Daily Reference Estimator (Formulation (BIAX1N) A) Unit Mean'S.D.b Mean'S.D
b AUCp.24(ltg'h/ml)27.29810.08628.25610.77097.4 86.9-109-2 Cmax (~tglml)2.4320.905 2.7010.785 89.0 78.2 -Trnax ( h ) 5.2171.858 2.0430.706 ~

Cue, (ttg/mp 0.4690.292 0597 0.241 71.7 60.0 -85.7 DFL 1.8000.572 1.9000.616 a arithmetic means b standard deviation c defined as the ratio of the geometric means of test vs. reference formulation The mean DFL values for the controlled release formulation and for the IR are substantially equal in value as can be seen in the above Table. c.f.
1.800 ~
0.572 (for controlled release) with 1.900 ~ 0.616 (IR).
5 The mean DFL for the composition of the invention is statistically lower than the IR in vivo profile. The lower DFL indicates that the ER formulations of the invention provide less variable clarithromycin concentrations throughout the day than the IR and the sustained release compositions.

Claims (139)

1. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

2. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

3. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 1 and 2, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

4. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

5. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 4, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

6. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 5, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

7. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

8. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

9. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

10. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

11. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims I to 10, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

12. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of clarithromycin while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of the clarithromycin.

13. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

14. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 12 and 13, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

15. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

16. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

17. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

18. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 12 to 17, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45%, by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

19. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

20. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 12 to 19, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

21. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 20, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

22. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 12 to 21, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

23. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative and results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

24. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

25. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 23 and 24, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

26. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

27. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 26, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

28. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 27, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

29. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 23 to 28, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

30. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

31. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 23 to 30, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

32. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 31, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

33. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 23 to 32, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

34. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative, results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative, and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

35. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of clarithromycin while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of clarithromycin and results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the clarithromycin.

36. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

37. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 35 and 36, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

38. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 37, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

39. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 38, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

40. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 39, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

41. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 35 to 40, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

42. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 41, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

43. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 35 to 42, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

44. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

45. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 35 to 44, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

46. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, induces a statistically significantly lower mean fluctuation index in plasma than an immediate release composition of clarithromycin while maintaining bioavailability substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release composition of clarithromycin, results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to an immediate release composition of the clarithromycin, and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

47. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for use in the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative is maintained.

48. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

49. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 47 and 48, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

50. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 49, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

51. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 50, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

52. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 51, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

53. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 47 to 52, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

54. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

55. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 47 to 54, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

56. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 55, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

57. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 47 to 56, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

58. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for use in the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin is maintained.

59. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 58, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

60. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 58 and 59, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

61. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 60, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

62. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 61, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

63. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 62, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

64. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 58 to 63, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

65. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 64, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

66. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 58 to 65, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

67. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 66, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

68. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 58 to 67, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

69. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for use in the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative is maintained, and whereby the composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

70. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 69, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

71. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 69 and 70, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

72. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 71, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

73. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 72, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

74. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 73, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

75. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 69 to 74, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

76. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 75, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

77. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 69 to 76, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

78. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 77, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

79. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 69 to 78, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

80. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for use in the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative is maintained, and whereby the composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

81. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin is maintained, and whereby the composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

82. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 81, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

83. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 81 and 82, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

84. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 83, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

85. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 84, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

86. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 85, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

87. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 81 to 86, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

88. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 87, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

89. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 81 to 88, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

90. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

91. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 81 to 90, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

92. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer for the treatment of bacterial infection in a mammal, whereby an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that for an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin is maintained, and whereby the composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

93. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of the erythromycin derivative lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition.

94. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 93, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

95. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 93 and 94, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

96. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 95, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

97. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 96, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

98. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 97, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

99. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 93 to 98, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

100. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 99, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

101. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 93 to 100, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

102. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 101, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

103. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 93 to 102, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

104. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of clarithromycin lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition.

105. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 104, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

106. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 104 and 105, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

107. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 106, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

108. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 107, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

109. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 108, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

110. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 104 to 109, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45%, by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

111. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 110, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

112. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 104 to 111, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

113. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 112, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

114. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 104 to 113, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

115. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of the erythromycin derivative lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition, and whereby said composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

116. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 115, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

117. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 115 and 116, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

118. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 117, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

119. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 118, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

120. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 119, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

121. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 115 to 120, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

122. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 121, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

123. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 115 to 122, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

124. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 123, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of the erythromycin derivative based on the total weight of the composition.

125. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 115 to 124, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

126. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of an erythromycin derivative in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising an erythromycin derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of the erythromycin derivative lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of the erythromycin derivative and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition, and whereby said composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of the erythromycin derivative.

127. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of clarithromycin lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition, and whereby said composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

128. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of claim 127, wherein the polymer is a hydrophilic water-soluble polymer.

129. The extended release pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 127 and 128, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidine, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, maleic anhydride/methyl vinyl ether copolymers and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

130. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 129, wherein the polymer is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.

131. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 130, wherein the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is a low viscosity cellulose with viscosity ranging from about 50 to about 200 cps.

132. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 131, wherein the viscosity of the polymer is about 100 cps.

133. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 127 to 132, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 45%, by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

134. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 133, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to 30% by weight of the polymer based on the total weight of the composition.

135. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 127 to 134, wherein the composition comprises from about 45% to about 60% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

136. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 135, wherein the composition comprises about 50% by weight of clarithromycin based on the total weight of the composition.

137. The extended release pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 127 to 136, wherein the composition has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

138. An extended release pharmaceutical composition for extended release of clarithromycin in the gastrointestinal environment, comprising clarithromycin and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, whereby said composition, when ingested orally, exhibits maximum peak concentrations of clarithromycin lower than those produced by an immediate release pharmaceutical composition of clarithromycin and an area under the concentration-time curve substantially equivalent to that of the immediate release pharmaceutical composition, and whereby said composition results in a statistically significant reduction in the severity of adverse effects to the digestive system compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin and has an improved taste profile compared to the immediate release composition of clarithromycin.

139. Use of the composition of any claims 1 to 138 in the treatment of a bacterial infection in a mammal.