CA2424356A1

CA2424356A1 - Supercritical co2 extraction of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol from cannabis plant material

Info

Publication number: CA2424356A1
Application number: CA002424356A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Adam Muller
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: DELTA-9-PHARMA GmbH
Priority date: 2000-10-17
Filing date: 2001-10-16
Publication date: 2003-04-01
Also published as: EA004520B1; DE10051427C1; EA200300485A1; PT1326598E; US20210017145A1; US8895078B2; US20140248379A1; PL362446A1; WO2002032420A1; JP4146225B2; UA74203C2; US10870632B2; KR20030040522A; USRE49434E1; EP1326598A1; US20040049059A1; IL155185A0; SK3292003A3; EP1326598B1; HUP0303002A2

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing an extract from cannabis plant matter, containing tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and optionally the carboxylic acids thereof. According to said method, the dried plant matter is ground and subjected to a CO2 extraction and the primary extract obtained is separated. The inventive method permits .DELTA.8 or .DELTA.9 tetrahydrocannabinol to be selectively obtained both from industrial hemp and from drug-producing hemp, optionally after dissolving the primary extract in ethanol, separating undesirable waxes and removing the solvent under reduced pressure.

Description

Description Process for producing an extract containing tetrahydrocannabinol and s cannabidiol from cannabis slant material, and cannabis extracts The present invention relates to a process for producing an extract containing tetra-hydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and optionally the carboxylic acids thereof from cannabis plant material in accordance with the preamble of to claim 1, a primary extract from cannabis plant material in accordance with claim 8, and a process for producing tetrahydrocannabinol in accordance with claim 13 and a process for producing cannabidiol in accordance with claim 14.
Cannabis (hemp), together with the genus Humulus (hops), belongs to is the family of Cannabinaceae, with hops, for instance, not containing any cannabinoids. For the botanical and chemotaxonomical differentiation of the genus Cannabis there are two different concepts. One differentiates between three species, Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, Cannabis indica LAM., and Cannabis ruderalis, while a different theory only sees the existence of the one 2 o collective species Cannabis sativa L. made up of the subspecies Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa and ssp. indica. Moreover the cannabis plant is differentiated into a drug type and a fiber type, with differentiation being performed on the basis of the quantity ratio of the main cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and 09-tetrahydrocannabinol (O9-THC). Fiber hemp, whose 2s cultivation is permitted for fiber production, must not exceed a O9-THC
content of 0.3% relative to the dry plant mass, while the drug type may exhibit a O9-THC content of approx. 5% - 15% relative to the dry plant mass.
The ratio of O9-THC to CBD in fiber hemp is mostly less than 1.5. The 3 o varieties rich in D9-THC may reach a ratio of 2:1 to 7:1. Cannabis sativa L.
occurs worldwide in all warm and moderate zones with the exception of the humid tropical rain forests. It is an annual to biennial, anemogamous herb which may attain a height of up to 8 m. The dioecous, rarely monecious inflorescences contain the active cannabinoids in the resin which is mainly 3 5 secreted by the numerous glandular bracts in the leaf axils. As a general rule, all the plant parts of Cannabis sativa L. with the exception of the seeds may contain cannabinoids. The highest cannabinoid concentrations are found in c the floral bracts and fruit stalks. The leaves have a low content of cannabinoids as a function of leaf age, while the stalk and particularly the root exhibit clearly lower cannabinoid contents.
In Germany, the known cannabis preparations having a hallucinogenic effect, marijuana and hashish, are subject to the regulations of the Narcotics Act as non-traffickable narcotics like opium, morphine, heroin, cocain and LSD.
to Cannabis sativa L. contains more than 420 different components, with 61 compounds of these belonging to the class of cannabinoids. These are lipophilic, nitrogen-free, mostly phenolic compounds. The neutral cannabinoids are biogenetically derived from a monoterpene and a phenol, the acidic cannabinoids from a monoterpene and a phenolic acid, and present a C2~ parent substance. In literature, two different numbering systems for cannabinoids are found. The older numbering system is based on the monoterpene skeleton, whereas the more recent IUPAC designation which is exclusively employed in the present application, relates to the dibenzopyrane skeleton.
Among the most important cannabinoids there are:
O9-tetrahydrocannabinol O9-THC
~8-tetrahydrocannabinol O8-THC
cannabichromene CBC
2s cannabidiol CBD
cannabigerol CBG
cannabinidiol CBND
cannabinol CBN
3 o Besides the above mentioned cannabinoids, the associated carboxylic acids thereof are moreover found in the raw drug as well as in the plant products. As a general rule, the carboxylic acids have the function of a biosynthetic precursor. Thus, for instance, the tetrahydrocannabinols ~9- and O8 -THC and CBD are generated in vivo from the THC carboxylic acids by 35 decarboxylation from the associated cannabidiol carboxylic acids.
O8-THC may, for instance, also form upon cyclization of CBD. Another possibility is that O$-THC may be generated under certain conditions, for instance acidity, by double bond isomerism from O9-THC or its carboxylic acid, respectively.
In the following, the chemical structures of some cannabinoid active s principles and the nomenclature of the two active principles of tetrahydrocannabinol are specified, which bear the IUPAC names (6aR-trans)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-of or O9-THC, and (6aR-trans)-6a,7,10,1 Oa-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-of or O8-THC. 09-THC is also known under the to designation of Dronabinol.

O9-Tetrahydrocannabinol O9-15 Tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid Tetrahydrocannabinol O8-Tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid CH3 ~
I
OH
~~,/,~CHZ
CIHs CH3 Cannabidiol Cannabidiol carboxylic acid .:

In the framework of the present invention, the expression "tetrahydrocannabinol" or "THC" - where not otherwise specified - is to encompass any isomers, in particular double bond isomers.
In many cultures and for a tong time, cannabis has been a traditional drug and a remedy. Up into the 20th century, cannabis was employed for the most variegated ailments - frorm asthma to migraine. Restrictive legislation against cannabis on the part of the USA, however, brought about its complete to disappearance from the pharmacopoeiae and from physicians' repertories of treatment.
In the meantime, many of the therapeutical effects handed down are coming to be confirmed in clinical research. At present, the pharmacological is use of cannabis active principles is of importance essentially in the following indications:
- the appetite stimulating effect, in particular in the case of AIDS-related afflictions accompanied by cachexia and wasting syndrome, - the antiemetic action for inhibiting nausea and vomiting, particularly in connection with chemotherapy under administration of cytostatic agents, - the reduction of muscle cramps and spasms in multiple sclerosis and traverse lesions of the cord with paraplegia, - pain and migraine treatment - in chronic pain therapy also complementarily with opioid treatment, 3 0 - lowering intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma, - mood improvement, and in particular cannabidiol as an anti-epileptic.
Owing to the interesting therapeutic range of the cannabinoids, a number of experiments were carried out to enrich, isolate and/or synthesize the cannabinoids exclusively from drug hemp.

Thus, e.g., DE 41 00 441 A1 discloses a process for producing 6,12-dihydro-6-hydroxy-cannabidiol and its use for producing trans-O9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In particular DE 41 00 441 A1 describes the manufacture of 6,12-dihydro-6-hydroxy-cannabidiol, which is obtained by reacting olivetol and cis-p-menth-2-ene-1,8-diol, and its further reaction to trans-O9-tetrahydrocannabinol by using suitable catalysts.
A drawback of this prior-art process, however, is the relatively high expenditure and the ultimately costly product obtained.
to Apart from this, solvent extraction, e.g. with the aid of ethanol, and steam distillation of cannabis constituents is known; in particular a hashish oil (cannabis resin extract) also referred to as Oil, Red Oil or Indian Oil is known, which is produced with the aid of solvent extraction or distillation from cannabis herb or cannabis resin and which is a dark brown, viscous and sticky oil. The oil thus obtained is subsequently mostly diluted with edible oil for improved handling and contains up to 65% of the hallucinogenic agent O9-THC (KleiberlKovar: Ausvvirkungen des Cannabiskonsums: Eine Expertise zu pharmakologischen and psychosozialen Konsequenzen, Stuttgart: bliss. Verl.-2 o Ges. 1998).
Dronabinol, D9-THC, has meanwhile been approved in the USA in accordance with USP [United States Pharmacopeia] 24, pp. 613, 614 as a medicament - also in capsule form - . In accordance with this monography, dronabinol contains no less than 95% of O9-THC and no more than 2% of O$-THC.
As of February 1, 1998, dronabinol may be prescribed as an anaesthetic in Germany.
WO 00125127 A1 moreover relates to the extraction of hemp for the isolation of tetrahydrocannabinol from the natural cannabis plant. What is described in particular is an extraction process with an apolar organic solvent, followed by fractional distillation under reduced pressure in order to produce 3 5 distillates having high tetrahydrocannabinol contents. As suitable apolar solvents, lower alkanes such as, e.g., hexane, heptane or isooctane are named in WO 00/25127 A1.

In accordance with Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 of reference 7 A1, exclusively drug hemp having tetrahydrocannabinol dry concentrations of 2.20% - 7.82% is extracted with hexane.
Such primary hexane extracts in accordance with WO 00/25127 A1 contain 28.76% (Example 2) up to a maximum of 41.2% (Example 3) of tetrahydrocannabinol.
Apart frorri tetrahydrocannabinol, WO 00/25127 A1 does not disclose to any further constituents of the hexane primary extract.
Starting out from the above explained prior art and from the new legal situation in the Federal Republic of Germany, it accordingly was the object of the present invention to provide D9-tetrahydrocannabinol, D8-tetrahydro-cannabinol and cannabidiol in pure form and as an extract in the form of preparations for medical applications, wherein the active principles should preferably be obtained from hemp varieties having low cannabinoid contents for the reason of better availability.
2o In terms of process technology, this object is accomplished through the characterizing features of claims 1, 13 and 14. With regard to an extract having the main constituents O9-THC, O8-THC and CBD, the above object is accomplished through the characterizing features of claim 8.
2s In accordance with the invention, a primary extract containing tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and optionally the carboxylic acids thereof, is obtained from cannabis plant material in that the dried plant material is comminuted, the plant material is extracted with the aid of C02 under supercritical pressure and temperature conditions at a temperature in the 3 o range of approx. 31 °C to 80°C and at a pressure in the range of approx. 75 bar to 500 bar, or in the subcricital range at a temperature of approx.
20°C to 30°C and a supercritical pressure of approx. 100 bar to 350 bar; or extracted under subcricital pressure and temperature conditions; and the obtained primary extract is separated under subcricital conditions, or under conditions 3 5 that are subcricital in terms of pressure and supercritical in terms of temperature.

In terms of cannabinoids, the primary extract of the invention contains high proportions of cannabidiol carboxylic acid (CBDS), cannabidiol (CBD), and O9-tetra-hydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (09-THCS), and D9-THC (when drug hemp is used).
The production of C02 extracts is known in principle. Thus, e.g.; DE
198 00 330 A1 discloses the production of a pharmaceutically active extract from Tanacetum parthenium through C02 extraction with the aid of an extraction plant as used in the present invention.
io As a particularly preferred cannabis plant material, for reasons of procurement on an industrial scale, one from Cannabis sativa L., in particular hemp of the fiber type, i.e. so-called industrial hemp, is used.
Owing to currently valid legislation, industrial hemp species of the fiber type may contain 0.3% of O9-ThiC at maximum in the Federal Republic of Germany; for Switzerland an upper limit of 0.5% O9-THC applies, based on the dry plant mass in either case.
2 0 The like industrial hemp varieties may be cultivated both in the Federal Republic of Germany and in Switzerland, for example, while requiring neither any complicated cultivating permission nor any complicated safety installations during storage.
It is thus advantageous if cannabis plant material of the fiber type may be used for the production of primary extracts containing 09-THC and CBD, for it is possible to employ such starting material having a low O9-THC content for the inventive process without any further operating and handling permissions as are required in the case of drug hemp types.
Varieties entering into consideration here are in particular the French varieties Fedora 19, Felina 45 and Futura 77, the Hungarian varieties Kompolti and Uniko-B and the Finnish variety Finola 314, for the average for all varieties lies clearly below the specified limits (Mediavilla, V. and 3 5 Brenneisen, R. 1996: Mitt. Ges. Pflanzenbauwiss. 9: 243-244).
When it is possible to employ drug hemp types, however, the O9-THC
content in the primary extract is higher than in one produced of fiber hemp.

.8_ The addition to the C02 of an entraining agent selected from the group consisting of: propane, butane, ethanol and water, has the advantage that hereby the yields for O9-THC and CBD may be increased without involving the drawbacks as with an extract produced, e.g., with ethanol or ethanol/water or methanol/chloroform or with other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Typically the entraining agent concentrations are in the range of 1 -10%
based on the employed quantity of C02.
io The extraction process of the invention preferably operates in the supercritical range at a temperature of approx. 31 °C to 80°C
and a pressure of approx. 75 bar to 500 bar, in particular at a temperature of approx.
45°C to 65°C and a pressure of approx. 100 bar to 350 bar, preferably at a temperature of approx. 60°C and a pressure of approx. 250 bar.
In the subcricital range, in contrast, a temperature of approx.
20°C to 30°C and a supercritical pressure of approx. 100 bar to 350 bar are used.
2 o The measure of arranging a layer of adsorbent on the material to be extracted downstream relative to the C02 flow has the advantage that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as alkaloids, flavonoids and chlorophylls may be separated out, so that the inventive primary extracts are even the more superior to the ethanol extracts known in the prior art and to the extracts prepared with the aid of chlorinated hydrocarbons, for the latter in any case are fairly high in mono- and sesquiterpenes as well as chlorophylls, flavonoids and alkaloids.
As an alternative, the C02 laden with THC and CBD as well as with 3 o proportions of reduced mono- and sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, chlorophylls and alkaloids may also be passed over adsorbers charged with adsorbents or separators (Figure 1 ).
Preferred adsorbents are those selected from the group comprised of:
3 s silica gel, diatomaceous earth, bentonites, bleaching earth, activated carbons, in particular magnesium oxide and alumina, as well as mixtures thereof.

_g_ In order to increase the extraction yield, it is preferred to repeat extraction at least once, with extraction preferably being repeated with diatomaceous earth and/or some other adsorbent.
The inventive primary extracts from Cannabis plant material containing o9-THC and cannabidiol are substantially free from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and moreover free from alkaloids and flavonoids, and contain practically no chlorophylls.
io Where a hemp of the drug type is used as a starting material, O9-THC is the main constituent of the primary extract, and CBD the second highest proportion.
Where, however, a hemp of the fiber type is used as a starting material, which is being preferred, CBD and in a given case the carboxylic acids thereof are found as the main constituents of the primary extract.
The primary extract of the invention contains at least reduced proportions of monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alkaloids, 2 o flavonoids and chlorophylls, and is preferably already free from these components, in particular from alkaloids, flavonoids and chlorophylls.
Where undesirable waxes are present in certain industrial and drug hemp varieties, these are purified after completed primary extraction and decarboxylation by subsequent dissolution of the primary extract, e.g. in cold (20°C) ethanol or ethanol solution, and separated from the non-dissolved wax by filtration. The filtration residue amounts to approximately 3 - 5%. In order tc obtain the purified extract, the solvent, e.g. ethanol, is again removed under reduced pressure.

In order to obtain 09-THC and CBD from the primary extract thus purified, the cannabidiol carboxylic acids and ~9-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acids contained in the primary extract are decarboxylated into cannabidiol and D9-tetrahydrocannabinol through increase in temperature.
Where O9-THC is to be obtained as the main constituent or in pure form, the CBD may be reacted into D9-THC through catalyzed cyclization.

Here a 08-THC may form depending on process conditions, which in itself also possesses interesting pharmacological properties. Thus 08-THC
may, for example, be employed as an antiemetic in pediatric oncology.
Where the primary extract was obtained from fiber hemp and the entire CBD is to be transformed to D8-THC and D9-THC, cyclization into D$-THC and O9-THC takes place during preparation of the secondary extract. Cyclization takes place under the following conditions:
to The decarboxylated primary extract is mixed with a water-binding agent and a catalyst defined more closely hereinbelow. The mixture is treated in a high-pressure extraction plant (Figure 2) with supercritical C02, preferably at 300 bar and 70°C. By this treatment, the CBD present in the primary extract is substantially reacted to D8-THC and o9-THC.
The obtained extract is separated out under pressure and temperature conditions subcricital for C02, preferably at approx. 55 bar and approx.
25°C.
As a water-binding agent zeolitic molecular sieves having a pore size of 3 - 10 A, preferably 5 A may be used, and useful catalysts are metal-containing halogen salts containing the metals tin, zinc, iron or titanium, 2 o preferably zinc chloride.
The secondary extract thus obtained only contains very little CBD and is highly enriched in 08-THC and O9-THC.
Suitably for obtaining pure or nearly pure 09-THC or ~$-THC, 2s respectively, a treatment in a high-pressure apparatus with supercritical C02 is performed as described in the following (Figure 3).
To this end, preferably a high-pressure column (Figure 3) subdivided into segments, comprising a bottom segment for dissolving the primary extract 3 o in supercritical C02, a purification segment filled, e.g., with silica gel (mean particle size of 0.02 mm to 0.2 mm, preferably 0.1 mm), a head segment for discharging the mixture dissolved in supercritical C02 of CBD, 08-THC and O9-THC into three separating vessels for separate separation of the purified CBD
and the purified O8-THC and O9-THC.
The extraction conditions prevailing for purification in the column are supercritical for C02, preferably 180 bar and 55°C, in the first separating vessel where CBD is separated out for C02 subcricital conditions in terms of pressure and supercritical conditions in terms of temperature, preferably 70 bar and 50°C. In the second and third separating vessels, where 08-THC
and D9-THC are separated out, conditions subcricital for C02 in terms of pressure and temperature are to prevail, in the second separating vessel preferably 60 bar and 30°C, in the third separating vessel preferably 55 bar and 25°C.
If fiber hemp is used, it may possibly be necessary to further purify the tetrahydrocannabinol products ~8-THC and O9-THC thus obtained with the aid of additional processes such as preparative chromatography or HPLC.
io Where the primary extract was obtained from drug hemp and purified CBD is furthermore desired as an end product besides purified ~9-THC, the cyclization of CBD into 0a-THC and O9-THC, or the production of a secondary extract is omitted. O8-THC is an isomer of O9-THC and forms substantially during the cyclization of CBD zu 09-THC as well as in the presence of acids.
Under certain circumstances it is necessary for the 08-THC, D9-THC and CBD
thus obtained to be purified by further processes such as preparative chromatography or HPLC.
2 o The reaction scheme of these reactions is given below:

I
OH
OH
., CH - C02 ~ ~.,JCHZ
CH3 '~C'H3 CBDS CBD

CH3 ~~~ CH

~ 9 -THC

U
cH3 OH
~~, 'CHZ
CrH3 CBD

0 g -THC

~ 8 -THC

As may be seen from the scheme of formulae, 09-THC may under the action of acids isomerize to 08-THC.
As cannabidiol taken for itself has interesting pharmacological prorperties while furthermore lacking the psychotropic hallucinogenic effect of O9-THC, cannabidiol itself is also of interest for practical application because it may be used, e.g., as an anti-epileptic.
io Cannabidiol may be obtained in accordance with the inventive process of claim 15.
~8-THC by itself also has substantially lower psychotropic hallucinogenic effects than O9-THC and may be obtained in accordance with ~ 5 claim 14.
Further advantages and features of the present invention result from the description of practical examples and from the drawings, wherein:
2 o Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a C02 extraction plant for producing the primary extract of the invention;
Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a C02 extraction plant for producing a secondary extract highly enriched in 0s-THC and O9-THC; and Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a C02 extraction plant for separation of a primary and/or secondary extract in CBD, optionally O8-THC
and O9-THC in a high-pressure column.
3 o Ground Cannabis plant material comprised substantially of inflorescences and leaves is charged into extracting vessels 1 - 4. COZ having been brought to a temperature of approx. 60°C and to a pressure of approx.
250 bar, enters into contact with the material to be extracted in the extracting vessels 1 - 4 and extracts the desired cannabinoid components, in particular comprising O9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as well as the carboxylic acids thereof. Suitably for extraction a flow rate of 50 - 150 kg of C02/kg of starting material is used.

At the upper end of extracting vessel 4, an extract enriched in the cannabinoids leaves the vessel via conduit 6 a and arrives at the bottom of separating vessel 5a. The separating vessels 5a and 5b are in the exemplary case filled with various zeolitic molecular sieves and with diatomaceous earth as an adsorbent. In separating vessels 5a and 5b, the same pressure and temperature conditions prevail as in extracting vessels 1 - 4. The zeolitic molecular sieves placed in container 6a have an internal surface of approx.
800 m2/g, the zeolitic molecular sieves placed in container 6b have an internal surface of approx. 1200 m2/g.
to By charging containers 6a and 5b with molecular sieves - preferred, however not indispensable - alkaloids, flavonoids and chlorophylls are further separated from the C02 loaded with extract. This C02 extraction mixture thus purified exits from the head of vessel 5b via conduit 7, pressure regulation valve 8, with extraction pressure being reduced to less than 75 bar, in the exemplary case to approx. 60 bar. The C02 extract mixture then arrives at heat exchanger 9 where it is heated to a temperature supercritical for C02, preferably to 45°C.
2o Under these pressure and temperature conditions, extraction of that extract portion takes place in the separating vessel 10 which essentially still contains undesirable monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The extract mixture consisting of C02 and essentially of 09-THC and cannabidiol as well as the carboxylic acids thereof, exits from separating vessel 10 via conduit 11, 2s pressure regulation valve 12, heat exchanger 13, and finally is conveyed into separating vessel 14.
With the aid of pressure regulation valve 12, the separation pressure in container 14 is set to pressure conditions subcricital for C02, in the exemplary 3 o case 50 bar. The separation temperature in vessel 14 is controlled by heat exchanger 13 to a temperature subcricital for C02, in the exemplary case about 20°C. Under these conditions the pure C02 is separated from the primary extract enriched in 09-THC and cannabidiol and the carboxylic acids thereof in separating vessel 14.
The pure C02 is conveyed via conduit 15 to liquefier 17 that is equipped with a condenser coil 16. From here the liquid C02 is supplied via pressurizing pump 18 to heat exchanger 19, to be available for the following extraction cycle.
For opening the extracting vessel, i.e. for charging and emptying the vessels with, or of, the starting material, the COZ is either vented directly via conduit 21, or supplied via conduit 20 to recycling plant 22 which then pumps the liquid C02 into the COZ storage vessel 23.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of a C02 extraction plant for to producing a secondary extract highly enriched in ~8-THC and O9-THC.
For the reaction, in particular the decarboxylation, of the cannabinoid carboxylic acids contained in the primary extract into O9-THC and CBD, the primary extract in the exemplary case is treated during about 2 hours at 80°C.
A mixture of decarboxylated primary extract, water-binding agent and catalyst is introduced into the extracting vessel 200. C02 at a temperature of 70°C and a pressure of 300 bar enters into contact with the material to be extracted and extracts the desired components.
Following cyclization, the secondary extract highly enriched in D$-THC
and D9-THC exits from vessel 200 at the top end of extracting vessel 200 via conduit 202 and arrives in separating vessel 205 via regulating valve 203 -wherein pressure is reduced to 60 bar or 55 bar, respectively - and heat 2s exchanger 204, the temperature being 30°C or 25°C, respectively. Through valve 206 the secondary extract thus obtained, which contains small amounts of CBD and is highly enriched in Os-THC and O9-THC, may be withdrawn from separating vessel 205.
3 o The pure COZ is conveyed via conduit 207 to liquefier 208 which is equipped with a condenser coil 209. From there the liquid C02 is supplied via pressurizing pump 210 to heat exchanger 211, to be available for the following extraction cycle.
35 Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of a C02 extraction plant for separation of a primary and/or secondary extract CBD, optionally 0a-THC and O9-THC, in a high-pressure column.

Via extraction column 300 wherein an extraction pressure of 180 bar and a temperature of 55°C prevail, consisting of bottom segment 301 a, purification segment 301 b (charged with silica gel) and head segment 301 c, the extract mixture dissolved in C02 arrives via duct 302, regulating valve and heat exchanger 304 in separating vessel 305, where preferably a pressure of 70 bar and a temperature of 50°C are to prevail. It is here that the CBD is obtained.
Via duct 307, regulating valve 308 and heat exchanger 309 the io extraction mixture arrives in the second separating vessel 310, preferably with a pressure of 60 bar and a temperature of 30°C prevailing. It is here that the separation of O$-THC takes place. Via valve 311 the obtained ~8-THC may be withdrawn.
i5 The O9-THC still dissolved in COz is transferred into separating vessel 315 via duct 312, regulating valve 313 and heat exchanger 314. There it is separated out under a pressure of preferably 55 bar and a temperature of preferably 25°C. Via valve 316 the obtained D9-THC may be withdrawn.
2 o The pure C02 is conveyed via conduit 317 to liquefier 318 which is equipped with a condenser coil 319. From here the liquid C02 is supplied via pressurizing pump 320 to heat exchanger 321, to be available for the following extraction cycle.
Modifications in the described plant systems are very well possible without the scope of the invention being restricted thereby.
As industrial hemp of the fiber type, in the present exemplary case the 3 o French Cannabis sativa variety Fedora 19 is employed. The raw drug has an average content of approx. 0.25% of O9-THC and 1.54% of CBD.
As a result, a primary extract having the properties indicated in Table 1 is obtained.

Table 1 Primary extracts from industrial hemp with different solvents Measured EtOH Hexane primary Inventive substance primary extract* in accordanceprimary C02 extract with W000/25127 extract Chloro h II 3.00% 2.85% 0.010%

CBD 14.50% 12.40% 58.000%

O9-THC 2.30% 2.30% 9.500%

08-THC ' 0.00% 0.00% 0.000%

CBN 0.50% 0.50% 0.100%

Flavonoid 12.50% 8.50% 0.150%

I cosides Alkaloids: 0.20% 0.35% 0.001 cannabisativin Monoterpenes:

a-Pinene 0.02% 0.03% 0.001 (3-Pinene 0.01 % 0.02% 0.001 Myrcene 0.02% 0.02% 0.001 Sesquiterpenes:

Caryophyllene 0.53% 0.45% 0.020%

(3-Humulene 0.18% 0.22% 0.008%

a-Selinene 0.10% 0.15% 0.004%

* This column relates to a test comparing the C02 extracts in accordance with the present invention with the prior-art hexane extracts of W000/25127 as discussed at the outset. An industrial hemp having the following raw drug data: water content: 11.2% (wt.); O9-THC 0.25% (wt.); and CBD: 1.54% were extracted with hexane in accordance with W000/25127. To to this end, 100 g of air-dried, pulverized industrial hemp was extracted for hours in 4 I of hexane in accordance with the Soxhlet method. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the obtained extract was analyzed with a view to the parameters indicated in Table 1.
i5 When one compares the data of the C02 primary extract in accordance with the present invention as shown in Table 1 with the hexane extract in accordance with WO00/25127 and the ethanol extract, initially the relatively good coincidence of the primary extracts obtained by means of the organic solvents is conspicuous.
Moreover in comparison with the COZ primary extract of the present invention, there results a disadvantageously high chlorophyll content of 3.00%
for the hexane extract and of 2.85% for the ethanol extract. For the extract of the invention, the chlorophyll content thus is lower by a factor of almost 300 than in the prior-art extracts.
1 o A low chlorophyll content is particularly advantageous because under certain circumstances, such as when a soft gelatin is used for encapsulation of the extract in the framework of galenic formulation, chlorophyll may involve cross-reticulations which may prevent the active principles contained in the extract from being released.
The desired CBD content is in the inventive C02 extract higher by a factor 4 to 5, and the O9-THC content also by a factor >4, in comparison with the prior-art solvent extracts.
2 o If one regards the overall cannabinoid content, essentially composed of CBD, O9-THC and CBN, it may be seen that even the inventive primary C02 extract already is made up at more than two thirds of these constituents, whereas the prior-art extracts only contain an overall cannabinoid content of approx. 15 to 17%.
Moroeover what is conspicuous in comparison with the extract of the invention are the highly elevated (more than 80-fold) flavonoid glycoside contents of the ethanol and hexane extracts.
3o The detected terpene and alkaloid quantities are also. strongly elevated in comparison with the extracts according to the invention:
The contents of undesirable monoterpenes listed in Table 1 are higher by a factor of 10-30 than in the two primary extracts obtained with ethanol and 3 5 hexane than in the C02 primary extract, and while the sesquiterpene content is higher by a factor 20 to 40 than in the inventive C02 extracts.

It is moreover noted that the primary extracts obtained with the aid of lipophilic solvents contain the alkaloids that are readily soluble in these solvents, such as, e.g., cannabisativin which is highly cytotoxic. This alkaloid contamination may very well also still occur in an extract prepared in accordance with W000/25127 from the primary extract described there, following additional purification and enrichment steps in accordance with W000/25127 which extract is said to have a 98% content of O9-THC.
In contrast, already the primary extracts of the invention without any further purification steps - as shown in Table 1 - practically do not contain any mroe cannabisativin.
Thus the ethanol extract contains about 200 times more toxic alkaloids, in particular the highly cytotoxic cannabissativin, and the hexane extract in accordance with W000/25127 even about 350 times more than the C02 primary extract of the invention.
Thus the C02 extracts of the present invention are superior both to the hexane extracts in accordance with W000/25127 and to the customary 2o ethanol extracts, because of their high cannabinoid contents and the fact that they are largely free from alkaloids, flavonoid glycosides, mono- and sesqiterpenes.
What is particularly advantageous is the circumstance that the present invention starts out from a hemp having a THC proportion near Zero, which is not even the case in WO00/25127 as this reference starts out from higher THC concentrations in the raw drug inasmuch as drug hemp, not industrial hemp is extracted there.
3 o In view of this very fact it thus is already surprising that THC and cannabinoids may at all be enriched in technically useful amounts from readily available industrial hemp by means of C02 extraction.
Table 2 shows the components of a secondary extract after completed 3 5 anellation.

Table 2 Secondary extract following cyclization (Fig. 2) Measured substance CO seconda extract P~ = 300 bar T~ = 70C
P2 = 55 bar T = 25C

Chloro h II 0.01 CBD 1.5%

D9-THC 41.2%

Oe-THC 24.3%

CBN 0.1 Table 3 shows the components of a primary extract purified by high-pressure column in accordance with Fig. 3.
Table 3 to Purified primary extract after chemical purification in a high-pressure column (Fig. 3) Measured Purified primary extract substance P~ = 180 bar T~ = 55C

P2 = 70 bar (separating vessel No.
5) TZ = 50 P3 = 60 bar (separating vessel No.
10) T3 = 30C

P4 = 55 bar (separating vessel No.
15) T = 25C

Se arator No. Se arator Se arator No.
5 No. 10 15 Chloro h II 0.01 % 0.01 % 0.01 CBD 85.0% 0.0% 1.5%

O9-THC 2.0% 0.0% 87.0%

D8-THC 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

CBN 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

a Table 4 shows the components of a secondary extract which was purified in a high-pressure column.
s Table 4 Purified secondary extract following purification in a high-pressure column (Fig. 3) Measured Purified secondary extract substance P~ = 180 bar T~ = 55C

P2 = 70 bar (separating vessel No.
5) T2 = 50C

P3 = 60 bar (separating vessel No.
10) T3 = 30C

P4 = 55 bar (separating vessel No.
15) T = 25C

Se arator No. Se arator No. Se arator No.

Chloro h II 0.01 % 0.01 % 0.01 CBD 90.0% 0.1 % 0.3%

~9-THC 0.5% 1.0% 96.0%

08-THC 0.2% 85.0% 1.5%

CBN 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

i o It is, of course, fundamentally also possible to use a drug hemp for carrying out the process of the invention.
The above mentioned primary extract is treated further in accordance with the description in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 and is suited as an active principle for 15 the production of a medicament for the indications described at the outset.
Suitable application types are inhalation, oral, parenteral, as well as enteral application.

Claims

1. A process for producing an extract containing tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and optionally the carboxylic acids thereof from Cannabis plant material, wherein the dried plant material is comminuted;
characterized in that said plant material is extracted by means of CO2 under supercritical pressure and temperature conditions at a temperature in a range of approx. 31°C to 80°C and at a pressure in a range of approx. 75 bar or 500 bar, or is extracted in the subcricital range at a temperature of approx. 20°C
to 30°C and a supercritical pressure of approx. 100 bar to 350 bar; or is extracted under subcricital pressure and temperature conditions; and the obtained primary extract is separated out under subcricital conditions or under conditions subcricital in terms of pressure and supercritical in terms of temperature.

2. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that plant material of Cannabis sativa L., in particular hemp of the fiber type and/or hemp of the drug type, is employed as cannabis plant material.

3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that to the CO2 an entraining agent is added which is selected from the group comprised of:
propane, butane, ethanol, and water.

4. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that in the supercritical range a temperature of approx. 45°C to approx.
65°C
and a pressure of approx. 100 bar to 350 bar, preferably a temperature of approx. 60°C and a pressure of approx. 250 bar, are used.

5. ~The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an adsorbent is arranged on the material to be extracted downstream in terms of the CO2 flow.

6. ~The process according to claim 5, characterized in that the adsorbent is selected from the group comprised of: silica gel, diatomaceous earth, bentonites, bleaching earth, activated carbons, in particular magnesium oxide and alumina, as well as mixtures thereof.

7. ~The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that extraction is repeated at least once, with extraction preferably being repeated with diatomaceous earth and/or another adsorbent.

8. ~A primary extract from cannabis plant material, containing tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol and optionally the carboxylic acids thereof, characterized in that it may be obtained through a process in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 7; and in that it contains at least reduced proportions of monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alkaloids, flavonoids and chlorophylls.

9. ~A primary extract according to claim 8, characterized in that tetrahydrocannabinol includes at least .DELTA.9-tetrahydrocannabinol and/or .DELTA.8-tetrahydrocannabinol and/or the carboxylic acids thereof.

10. ~A primary extract according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that tetrahydrocannabinol and/or the carboxylic acids thereof are the main constituent if a hemp of the drug type is used as a starting material.

11. ~A primary extract according to any one of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that cannabidiol and/or the carboxylic acids thereof are the main constituent if a hemp of the fiber type is used as a starting material.

12. A primary extract according to any one of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that it is dissolved in ethanol, separated from waxes not soluble therein, and the solvent is again removed under reduced pressure.

13. A process for producing tetrahydrocannabinol from the primary extract in accordance with any one of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that in the primary extract cannabidiolic acid and tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid are decarboxylated into cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol through increase in temperature;

the decarboxylated primary extract is dissolved in the CO2 extracting agent used, and in this condition is treated by means of a high-pressure vessel charged with a catalyst for anellation of cannabidiol into tetrahydrocannabinol and a water-binding agent, wherein cannabidiol is reacted to give tetrahydrocannabinol; and the product enriched in tetrahydrocannabinol is separated at pressure and temperature conditions subcricital for CO2.

14. A process for producing cannabidiol from the primary extract in accordance with any one of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that in the primary extract cannabidiolic acid and tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid are decarboxylated into cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol through increase in temperature; and subsequently the cannabidiol is separated through column chromatography on silica gel or preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography.