CA2421540C

CA2421540C - Vehicle power supply unit

Info

Publication number: CA2421540C
Application number: CA 2421540
Authority: CA
Inventors: Nobuo Yodoshi
Original assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Current assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date: 2002-03-20
Filing date: 2003-03-11
Publication date: 2008-06-03
Anticipated expiration: 2023-03-11
Also published as: US20030178234A1; CA2421540A1; US7297431B2; JP2003272673A; US20080032177A1; JP3969138B2

Abstract

A vehicle power supply unit is provided, which includes a part made of degradable plastic, which may be a battery case of a secondary battery, and may be a separator of a fuel cell when the degradable plastic is made conductive. A condition in which the degradable plastic is decomposed is different from a condition in which it is actually used in a vehicle.

Description

VEHICLE POWER SUPPLY UNIT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention [0001] The invention relates to a vehicle power supply unit including a plastic part.

2. Description of Related Art [0002] An insulating material mainly made of plastic is conventionally used for forming a part used in a vehicle power supply unit for an electric vehicle or the like.

[0003] Also, some plastics are made conductive and used as conductive materials. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.2000-17179 discloses a fuel cell including a separator made of conductive plastic (resin). Also, a secondary battery whose battery case is made of plastic is known.

[0004] As is widely known, various environmental measures are taken for disposing of regular vehicle parts. Likewise, when disposing of a plastic part for use in electric vehicles, such as a plastic separator of a fuel cell, some environmental measures need to be taken. However, when disposing of such a plastic part of a vehicle power supply unit, the following problem is concerned. That is, when plastics (waste plastics) are buried in the ground together with other waste materials, they remain undecomposed semi-permanently in the ground. Also, when the plastics are burnt using an incinerator, or the like, the useful life of the incinerator reduces owing to high energy required for burning the plastics, or toxic substances are released into the air, thus damaging the environment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
100051 It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a vehicle power supply unit which does not cause an environmental problem when and after being disposed of.

[0006] A vehicle power supply unit according to a first aspect of the invention includes a part made of degradable plastic. Made of degradable plastic, the part is decomposed into carbon dioxides and water by microorganisms, light, or the like. Therefore, it resolves the problem that a plastic part is not decomposed after being disposed of and thus remains as a waste semi-permanently.
[0007] According to a further aspect of the invention, it is preferable that the part made of degradable plastic is a separator of a fuel cell. When the separator of the fuel cell is formed of degradable plastic, it prevents an environmental problem which may otherwise be caused when a conventional separator formed of non-10.õ degradable material is disposed of.
[0008] According to a further aspect of the invention, it is preferable that..
the'part formed of degradable plastic is a battery case of a secondary battery. When the battery case of the secondary battery is foraned of degradable plastic, it achieves the same effects and advantages as those obtained when the separator of the fuel cell is formed of degradable plastic.
[0009] According to a further aspect of the invention, it is preferable that the degradable plastic has a conductivity. When the degradable plastic has a conductivity, it may be used for forming a separator of a fuel cell.
[0010] Aeeording to a fnrther aspect of the invention, it is preferable that a condition in which the degradable plastic is decomposed is different from a condition in which the degradable plastic is used in a. vehicle. Thus, the degradable plastic is not decomposed into pieces during usage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The foregoing and/or further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals are used to represent like elements and wherein:

FIG_ I is an exploded perspective view showing a cell of a fuel cell system as a power supply unit according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0012] Hereafter, a vehicle power supply unit according to a preferred embodiment of the invention will be explained with reference to FIG. 1. The vehicle power supply unit includes a part which is formed of degradable plastic. Some examples of the degradable plastic are listed below.
[0013]
1. Photodegradable plastic The photodegradable plastic is one type of plastic which is decomposed by lights (mainly ultraviolet lights). More specifically, the photodegradable plastic is decomposed into a low-molecular-weight compound by lights. In some cases, it is also decomposed into a low-molecule-weight compound by oxygen, water, or the like.
Then, the low-molecule-weight compound is completely decomposed into carbon.
dioxide gas and water by. microorganisms, and is thus returned to the nature.
That is, the photodegradable plastic includes a certain chenucal compound (e.g., a carbonyl group) which is decomposed by lights. Meanwhile, photodegradable plastic is classified into a photosensitive functional group introduction type in which the certain compound is introduced into a polymer, and a photosensitive reagent addition type in which a eertain additive is.used. .

[0014] Examples of photodegradable plastic of the photosensitive functional group introduction type are an ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer and a vinyl ketone copolymer (e.g., methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone). They are decomposed in approximately 20 to 24 hours when exposed to ultraviolet lights, and in approximately in 2 to 8 weeks when exposed to lights in the natural environment.
[0015] In the meantime, aromatic ketone, such as benzophenone, acetophenone, and anthraquinone, may be used as a photosensitizer used for obtaining the photodegradable plastic of photosensitive reagent addition type.
[0016]
2. Biodegradable plastic The biodegradable plastic is a plastic which is decomposed by microorganisms and is thus returned to the ecologicaA cycle. - Namely, it is eventually decomposed into carbon dioxide gas and water. The biodegradable plastic can be broadly classified into the following three groups A, B and C.
A) High polymer produced by microorganisms For example, a hydroxybutyrate-based polyester may be used.
B) Natural high polymer material such as starch, cellulose and chitin This is a biodegradable plastic that is mainly made of natural high polymer material, such as starch extracted from a crop, such as a corn, a potato, a wheat, and a sugar cane, cellulose extracted from a plant, chitin extracted from a shell of crab, shrimp, or the like.
C) Degradable synthetic plastic;
For example, polycaprolactone may be used.
.5 [00171 When the part used in the vehicle power supply unit is fonned of such degradable plastic, the part is returned to the nature after being disposed of.
Thus; the environmental problems described above, which may otherwise be caused when disposing of the part, can be prevented. In the case of a vehicle power supply unit, the degradable glastic can be used for forming a separator of a fuel cell, a battery case of the secondary battery, and so on.
[0018) A fuel cell system 10 is constituted of a plurality of cells stacked therein. As shown in Fig 1, each cell of the fuel cell system 10 includes a permeable membrane%lectrode assembly (MEA) 11, diffusion.layers 12, 13 as porous carbon membranes located in both sides of the membrane/electrode assembly 11, and . separators 14, 15. Further, seal frames 16, 17 are interposed. Generally, the separators 14, 15 are provided by a plate made of carbon, metal or conductive resin, with passages formed thereon for delivering gas or coolant. When forming a separator with a degradable plastic, it is therefore necessary to make the degradable plastic conductive.

[0019) In the following, four examples of a method for obtaining a degradable plastic having a conductivity are described.
1. Mixing a surface-active agent or an antistatic agent into the degradable plastic, or applying the surface-active agent or the antistatic agent to the surface of the degradable plastic.

2.1Vlixing a conductivity imparting agent (this is also referred to as a conductive filler) into the degradable plastic.
For example, conductive metal powder or conductive metal fiber such as flaky graphite, carbon-based powder, carbon-based fiber, silver, copper and nickel may be used.

3. Forming a metallized film on the degradable plastic molded product.
For example, the fihn may be made of oxidized tin.
4. Newly designing the degradable plastic.

A conductive high polymer may be synthesized by chan.ging the chemical structure thereof.

[0020] When the part in the vehicle power, supply units is forrn.ed of the polymeric material of the various degradable plastics described above, =isting molding devices may be used, such as an extruder, an injection molding device, and a blow molding device which are generally used for molding thermoplastic that is 5 produced in the petroehemical industry. Also, when a separator of a fuel cell is formed. of the conductive and degradable plastic, the polymeric material of the respective degradable plastics and the, conductivity imparting agent (e.g., flaky graphite, carbon powder, carbon fiber) are mixed by means of a twin-screw extruder or the like, and the resultant mixture is then iritroduced into the molding device to be formed into a desired shape.
[0022] Hereinafter, one example of a method for forming a separator of a.
fuel cell from conductive and degradable plastic will be described. In this method, the separator is formed using three materials 1, 2, and 3 according to a procedure 4.
1. Degradable plastic Starch extracted from a corn is used as the biodegradable plastic which is decomposed by microorganisms.
2. Conductivity imparting agent Flaky graphite (carbon black) is used as the conductivity imparting agent.
Here, flaky graphite having a grain size smaller than several micrometers is preferably used.
While the amount of the conductivity imparting agent to be added is set to 20 weight percent or lower in this example, it is not necessarily set to 20 percent or.
lower as long as a desired conductivity can be imparted to the separator. Nevertheless, it is preferable, in ternas of the disposability of the, separator, that the amount of the conductivity imparting agent is made as small as possible, since it remains even after the plastic has been decomposed.
3. Water Water is added to when mixing the degradable plastic and the conductivity imparting agent so that the mixture has a liquid form which is suitable for use in conventional molding devices, such as an extruder, injection molding device, and blow molding device, which are generally used for molding thermoplastic.
4. Manufacturing procedure Starch extracted from a corn, carbon black, and water are mixed by the two-screw extruder at a temperature of 100 C under a pressure of 30 kgf/cm2. The resultant = 6 mixture having-a liquid form is then delivered into the molding device (e:g., extruder, injection molding device, blow molding device) to form a separator.
[0022] Next, a fuel cell including the separator manufactured as described above was made and a power generation test was performed with the fuel cell.
The result of the test indicates that the separator has a desired conductivity and a necessary level of operation stability and mechanical strength under the operating temperature thereof. Subsequently, the fuel cell was disassembled and the separator was taken out. The separator was then placed in a condition that causes decomposition thereof (hereinafter will be referred to as "a decomposing condition" where appropriate), and it was confirmed, as a result, that the separator is decomposed under the decomposing condition. Meanwhile, this decomposing condition may be created by using, for example, activated sludge, soil; or certain enzymes (e.g., amylase and lipase secreted from cell bodies can be effectively used as enzymes for decomposing starch) and microorganisms. Among these options, when enzymes and niicroorganisms are used, the decomposition of the separator is completed within a relatively short time (several days to several weeks). Although carbon black remains even after the separator has been completely decomposed, it may be reused.
[0023] In the case where such a degradable plastic part is used in a vehicle power supply unit, not to mention, it is necessary to arrange the power supply unit in a vehicle so that the part is not placed in the above-described decomposing condition.
Namely, the condition in which the degradable plastic part is decomposed is required to be different from the condition in which it is actually used in the vehicle. In the case of a part formed of photodegradable plastic, for example, it is necessary to dispose the power supply unit within a casing, or the like, so that the part is not exposed to lights. Also, in the case of a part made of biodegradable plastic, it is necessary to dispose the power supply unit within a casing, or the like, so that the part is isolated from microorganisms. Thus, since a fuel cell stack is normally disposed in a casing, the above requirement is fulfilled.
[0024) According to the vehicle power supply unit of the above-illustrated embodiment, a degradable plastic is used, which is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water by lights, rnicroorganisms, and so on. Therefore, it solves the problem that plastic is not decomposed semi-permanently after being disposed of.

[0025] Also, according to the vehicle power supply unit of the above-illustrated embodiment, a separator of a fuel cell is formed of such a degradable ~ y . - 7 plastic, which prevents the environmental problem which may be caused after a separator made of non-degradable plastic is disposed of. Moreover, while the degradable. plastic is used for forming the separator of the fuel cell in the above-illustrated embodiment, it may also be used for forming a battery case of a secondary battery. In this case, too, the same effects and advantages can be obtained.
10026} Also, according to the vehicle power supply unit of the above-illustrated embodiment, since the degradable plastic is made conductive, it can be used for forming a separator of a fuel cell, or the like, which is required to be conductive.

[0027] Also, according. to the vehicle power supply unit of the above-illustrated embodiment, the condition in which the degradable plastic is decomposed differs from the condition in which it is actually used in the vehicle:
Therefore, there is no possibility that the degradable plastic is decomposed into pieces during usage.

Claims

1. A vehicle power supply unit including a plastic part, wherein:
the part comprises a photodegradable plastic that is decomposable by light and an electrical conductivity imparting agent, wherein the electrical conductivity imparting agent comprises 20 percent or less of a weight of the part, and the part is placed, while the vehicle power supply unit is used in a vehicle, in a condition that is different from a condition in which the photodegradable plastic is decomposed.

2. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the part made of the photodegradable plastic is a separator of a fuel cell, and the photodegradable plastic is made conductive.

3. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the part made of the photodegradable plastic is a battery case of a secondary battery.

4. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is conductive.

5. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is a chemical compound having a carbonyl group, the chemical compound being decomposable by lights.

6. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is decomposable by ultraviolet lights.

7. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is decomposable in approximately 20 to 24 hours when exposed to ultraviolet lights, and decomposable in approximately in 2 to 8 weeks when exposed to lights in the natural environment.

8. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is decomposable into a low-molecule-weight compound by oxygen and/or water.

9. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is of a photosensitive functional group introduction type in which a chemical compound having a carbonyl group is introduced into a polymer, the chemical compound being decomposable by lights.

10. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 9, wherein the photodegradable plastic of the photosensitive functional group introduction type is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer and a vinyl ketone copolymer.

11. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 10, wherein the vinyl ketone copolymer is methyl vinyl ketone and/or ethyl vinyl ketone.

12. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 1, wherein the photodegradable plastic is of a photosensitive reagent addition type in which an additive is used.

13. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 12, wherein the photodegradable plastic of the photosensitive reagent addition type has aromatic ketone as a photosensitizer.

14. The vehicle power supply unit according to claim 13, wherein the aromatic ketone is benzophenone, acetophenone and/or anthraquinone.