CA2244018C - An apparatus for the manufacture of individual holograms to make documents secure - Google Patents
An apparatus for the manufacture of individual holograms to make documents secure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2244018C CA2244018C CA002244018A CA2244018A CA2244018C CA 2244018 C CA2244018 C CA 2244018C CA 002244018 A CA002244018 A CA 002244018A CA 2244018 A CA2244018 A CA 2244018A CA 2244018 C CA2244018 C CA 2244018C
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- hologram
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- master hologram
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000005337 ground glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/20—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means
- G03H1/202—Contact copy when the reconstruction beam for the master H1 also serves as reference beam for the copy H2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/0465—Particular recording light; Beam shape or geometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/30—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique discrete holograms only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/0005—Adaptation of holography to specific applications
- G03H1/0011—Adaptation of holography to specific applications for security or authentication
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/0005—Adaptation of holography to specific applications
- G03H1/0011—Adaptation of holography to specific applications for security or authentication
- G03H2001/0027—Being copy-protected against fraudulent replication, e.g. by layering a filter rejecting laser lines
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/18—Particular processing of hologram record carriers, e.g. for obtaining blazed holograms
- G03H2001/186—Swelling or shrinking the holographic record or compensation thereof, e.g. for controlling the reconstructed wavelength
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/20—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means
- G03H2001/207—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means with modification of the nature of the hologram, e.g. changing from volume to surface relief or from reflection to transmission
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/50—Nature of the object
- G03H2210/53—Coded object not directly interpretable, e.g. encrypted object, barcode
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/50—Nature of the object
- G03H2210/54—For individualisation of product
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties
- G03H2222/35—Transverse intensity distribution of the light beam
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
Abstract
An apparatus serves the manufacture of holograms from a master hologram of a ground glass screen recorded with one or more wavelengths and one or more reference angles. By means of these, stereoscopic and individual colour holograms can be manufactured in a contact copy process. The apparatus possesses a radiation source for laser irradiation (6, 8) for the irradiation of a master (H2) and a film (7). So that holograms which contain different information can be manufactured in a simple manner, a modulation apparatus, in particular an LCD, is provided for the modulation of the coherent radiation (6, 8) (Fig. 2).
Description
An apparatus for the manufacture of individual holograms to make documents secure The invention relates to a master hologram for the copying of a hologram in a contact process. The invention further relates to an apparatus for the manufacture of an individual hologram, in particular of a contact copy of a hologram, with a radiation source with laser radiation for the irradiation of a master and a film. The invention finally relates to a hologram, in particular a copy of a contact hologram. The individual holograms can be used to make documents secure.
In the manufacture of holograms, a master hologram and a holographic film are irradiated with laser radiation. In the series production of holograms, the holograms are preferably manufactured by means of a contact copy. In this case, the master and the film are in contact with each other.
On the holographic film, a hologram is created with the information present on the master. Accordingly, with a master, holograms which all contain the same information can be manufactured simply in series production. If, however, the holograms should contain fully or partially different, individual information, difficulties arise in series production. For each hologram, a separate master must then be prepared. This is time-consuming and expensive.
It is the object of this invention to provide a master for the copying of a hologram, in particular by means of a contact copy, with which holograms which contain different information can be manufactured in a simple manner.
In the manufacture of holograms, a master hologram and a holographic film are irradiated with laser radiation. In the series production of holograms, the holograms are preferably manufactured by means of a contact copy. In this case, the master and the film are in contact with each other.
On the holographic film, a hologram is created with the information present on the master. Accordingly, with a master, holograms which all contain the same information can be manufactured simply in series production. If, however, the holograms should contain fully or partially different, individual information, difficulties arise in series production. For each hologram, a separate master must then be prepared. This is time-consuming and expensive.
It is the object of this invention to provide a master for the copying of a hologram, in particular by means of a contact copy, with which holograms which contain different information can be manufactured in a simple manner.
2 This object is solved in accordance with the invention by the master comprising multiple, preferably 3, individual masters which each bear different information.
Preferably, the first master hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen.
Another advantageous embodiment is characterised in that stimulation holograms are manufactured from the master hologram(s). The stimulation holograms serve to shape the coherent radiation. The stimulation hologram here is designed in such a way that it predominantly guides the coherent radiation into predetermined regions on the master and the film in which holograms or hologram components are to be generated. In this way, the efficiency or the radiation yield is substantially improved.
The stimulation hologram can be manufactured as a computer-generated hologram (CGH). However, it can also be manufactured interferometrically.
In accordance with another advantageous improvement of the invention, a colour device is available for the colour irradiation of the master and the film. In this way, it is possible, for example, to produce the individual hologram, that is that component of the hologram bearing individual information, in colour. Preferably, a colour-capable LCD is used. This can have white-light lasers transmitted through it or, alternatively, three differently coloured lasers in the standard colour triangle.
In accordance with another advantageous improvement, an apparatus to expose different aspect angles is provided. Both monochrome and multi-colour holograms can be exposed with different aspect angles. In this way, it is possible to generate a stereogram or a multi-stereogram which can be perceived without any additional aids such as polarising spectacles as a spatial representation and this stereoscopically or (in the case of multi-stereograms) also auto-stereoscopically.
Preferably, the first master hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen.
Another advantageous embodiment is characterised in that stimulation holograms are manufactured from the master hologram(s). The stimulation holograms serve to shape the coherent radiation. The stimulation hologram here is designed in such a way that it predominantly guides the coherent radiation into predetermined regions on the master and the film in which holograms or hologram components are to be generated. In this way, the efficiency or the radiation yield is substantially improved.
The stimulation hologram can be manufactured as a computer-generated hologram (CGH). However, it can also be manufactured interferometrically.
In accordance with another advantageous improvement of the invention, a colour device is available for the colour irradiation of the master and the film. In this way, it is possible, for example, to produce the individual hologram, that is that component of the hologram bearing individual information, in colour. Preferably, a colour-capable LCD is used. This can have white-light lasers transmitted through it or, alternatively, three differently coloured lasers in the standard colour triangle.
In accordance with another advantageous improvement, an apparatus to expose different aspect angles is provided. Both monochrome and multi-colour holograms can be exposed with different aspect angles. In this way, it is possible to generate a stereogram or a multi-stereogram which can be perceived without any additional aids such as polarising spectacles as a spatial representation and this stereoscopically or (in the case of multi-stereograms) also auto-stereoscopically.
3 The ground glass screen master is preferably manufactured with a reflection hologram with this reflection hologram being manufactured in turn from a transmission hologram of a ground glass screen. That is, from the ground glass screen a transmission hologram is manufactured from which then the ground glass screen master is manufactured with a reflection hologram. The ground glass screen is in the form of a lenticular screen. By means of the lenticular screen, a scattering effect is achieved. From certain points, waves which are directed in a precisely defined manner are produced. An ordered or structured ground glass screen is used. As a structured pattern is provided, certain points can be predetermined and located to make adjustments.
The ground glass screen master can be manufactured in at least two wavelengths, preferably in three wavelengths. By means of the fact that at least two wavelengths are used, colour effects can be generated. The use of three wavelengths is advantageous.
The second master preferably contains constant information. Here, it can be an identification symbol (also known as a "logo"), preferably a three-dimensional identification symbol or a three-dimensional logo.
A master hologram containing a three-dimensional logo can be recorded as a transmission hologram in a standard process. For this purpose, a three-dimensional object, that is a three-dimensional pattern of the logo, is recorded in a reflection hologram in a standard process. This hologram can then be optically replicated in a second step in that the initially manufactured first hologram is illuminated with coherent light and a second hologram generated - preferably as a reflection hologram -in the image plane. This second hologram is then the master hologram with the three-dimensional logo which can, for example, be used for a contact copy process for the manufacture of holograms.
The ground glass screen master can be manufactured in at least two wavelengths, preferably in three wavelengths. By means of the fact that at least two wavelengths are used, colour effects can be generated. The use of three wavelengths is advantageous.
The second master preferably contains constant information. Here, it can be an identification symbol (also known as a "logo"), preferably a three-dimensional identification symbol or a three-dimensional logo.
A master hologram containing a three-dimensional logo can be recorded as a transmission hologram in a standard process. For this purpose, a three-dimensional object, that is a three-dimensional pattern of the logo, is recorded in a reflection hologram in a standard process. This hologram can then be optically replicated in a second step in that the initially manufactured first hologram is illuminated with coherent light and a second hologram generated - preferably as a reflection hologram -in the image plane. This second hologram is then the master hologram with the three-dimensional logo which can, for example, be used for a contact copy process for the manufacture of holograms.
4 It is also advantageous if the third master contains an electronically legible feature. If the above-named second master, which contains constant information, is not available, the master with the electronically legible feature naturally represents the second master.
Preferably, the individual master holograms are exposed in one single overall master.
This master, which contains the information of all individual masters, is then used for the manufacture of holograms. The exposure of the three masters or master holograms into one single master hologram or one single master is effected preferably one.after the other in time. The master hologram generated in this manner contains the image information of the preferably three initial holograms and is the master hologram (overall master hologram) for the subsequent series production. Preferably, the three masters are recorded in two or three different wavelengths.
In an apparatus for the manufacture of an individual hologram, in particular a contact copy of a hologram, with a radiation source for laser radiation, in particular laser radiation, for the irradiation of a master and a film, the object described above is solved by a modulation apparatus, in particular an LCD, for the modulation of the coherent radiation. Preferably, the master and the film are irradiated by an amplitude-modulated reference beam. The coherent radiation or the laser radiation or the amplitude-modulated reference beam contains the image information which is to be applied to the film and which should be embodied in the manufactured hologram.
In the copy, two or three different wavelengths of illumination are also used -adapted to the master and their manufacturing processes.
The modulation is preferably realised by an LCD (liquid crystal display). The LCD or other modulation apparatus can in turn obtain the image information by means of a computer-generated process or a scanner process or another process, for example also as a video signal.
The coherent radiation can be applied over the whole area to the master and the film, i.e. by radiation which exposes the whole image area at once. Preferably, the coherent radiation is, however, applied to the image area by a scanner, that is in a scanner process. The scanner serves to scan the coherent radiation over the master and the film. The scanner beam is modulated each time while passing over the image area, for example with the grey level applicable to the relevant pixel. This can be done as with a television picture, that is line by line and column by column. Mixed forms are also possible where a whole line is projected onto the image area at the same time in each case and this line then scanned in a direction perpendicular to it over the image area.
Preferably, such a line scanning is used.
The use of a scanner process produces advantages. Namely, for the exposure of the area covered in each case, a higher energy per surface element can be used during scanning which reduces the exposure time of this area in each case. While the total exposure time remains approximately the same, the recording is substantially less sensitive to movement here as the area covered in each case is only exposed for a shorter or a substantially shorter time. Movements of the film in relation to the master can be generated by a stress equalisation which occurs in particular in contact copying in the photographic material of the film after the clamping and lamination.
Due to the higher photo-energy which is used in the scanner process and the substantial shortening of the exposure time which can be achieved thereby, movements, in particular in the photographic material of the film, can be tolerated which in an overall illumination of the image area would lead to a substantial worsening of quality.
Furthermore, it is possible when a scanner process is used, to begin the exposure process after a substantially shorter time after the clamping of the film which substantially shortens the cycle time in series production.
It is particularly advantageous to perform a line-by-line scanning. Here, the LCD from which the image information comes can also be scanned line by line. This information can then be passed on directly to the laser or the laser line and used for the stimulation.
The invention finally relates to a hologram, in particular to a contact copy of a hologram, which is manufactured in accordance with the invention with a master in accordance with the invention and/or an apparatus in accordance with the invention.
It is advantageous if the hologram possesses a colour shift. For this purpose, the holograms manufactured or copied from the master can undergo a colour shift after exposure and fixing. This can above all be generated by the fixing. The colour shift has the effect that the hologram manufactured cannot be copied again by means of a contact copy with a laser of the same wavelength or that the quality of this contact copy would then be extremely poor and thus immediately recognisable as a fake.
It is advantageous if during the developing and fixing of the original hologram, it is ensured that the relevant external conditions are not identical in their spread over the surface of the hologram. Then the colour shift differs in effect due to these varying conditions if an attempt is made to make a copy and it is spread unevenly over the whole hologram copy. If, then, it is ensured that the conditions during the developing and fixing of the original hologram are not always identical on the whole carrier, the colour shift on a copy will differ topically; spots are then visible on the copy.
By means of the invention, a system is provided in which multiple, preferably three masters, can be used to manufacture a hologram. The individual masters are positioned in a fixed relation to one another in the manufacture of the hologram or contact hologram. They may also overlap in full or in part. It is possible that each individual master covers the whole image area, but only contains image information in a partial area with these partial areas then, however, also being able to overlap. In the overlapping or cover areas, colour interplay or other effects can occur or be deliberately caused. It is additionally possible that the several, preferably three masters, each have a different reference angle and each have a different colour.
There are basically two methods available to expose the object material, that is the film, and so to generate a hologram. In accordance with a first, essentially known method the multiple or three masters are placed on top of each other. On top of these is then placed the film or the material onto which the image should be made.
Then the exposure with coherent light is performed. The different masters can have different colours and/or different reference angles. In addition, the individual masters can contain different information and different types of information. For example, the first master can contain individual information. Preferably, the individual information is not generated by the master itself, but by the coherent radiation which is modulated accordingly; accordingly, the first master is preferably a ground glass screen master.
The second master preferably contains a three-dimensional hologram or a three-dimensional logo. The third master preferably contains an electronically legible feature. This can also be generated in such a way that always the same master is used and that the individual electronically legible information is generated by the modulation of the coherent radiation. By means of the invention, a possibility is provided to use individual holograms with additionally constant elements, that is holograms which contain individually different information, in series production or in mass production and to use the advantageous contact copy process in doing so.
In accordance with the second method, the multiple, in particular three, master holograms are exposed into one single master hologram which is then used for the manufacture of the holograms. This method has already been described above.
In the system in accordance with the invention, the same master hologram can always be used for the series manufacture of holograms, in particular by means of contact copying. The individual hologram can be generated by means of the modulated illumination (preferably LCD-modulated) which interacts with the ground glass screen master part. The three-dimensional logo is always the same and is always generated in the hologram in the same way. It reacts preferably to another colour. The electronically legible feature can also be generated in interaction with a ground glass screen master, that is with a modulated illumination, which can be performed in another colour.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a master hologram for the copying of a hologram in a contact process, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for manufacturing a hologram comprising:
a radiation source constructed and arranged to irradiate a master hologram and a film with coherent radiation, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen; and a modulation means constructed and arranged to generate the different information on the film by modulating the coherent radiation.
One embodiment of the invention is described below in detail by means of the enclosed drawings in which FIG. IA and 1B show the manufacture of a ground glass screen master;
FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for the manufacture of an hologram; and FIG. 3A and 3B show the manufacture and utilisation of a stimulation hologram.
In FIGS. lA and 1B, the manufacture of a master hologram 100 is shown schematically. First, as shown in FIG. 1 A, a ground glass screen 1 has laser light 2 irradiated through it and is recorded - as a transmission hologram - on a first hologram Hl. For this purpose, a partial beam (not shown in the drawing) is coupled out of the laser beam 2 and guided at an angle of, for example, 45 as a reference beam 3 to the first hologram H1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1B, the master hologram 100, which is preferably a ground glass screen hologram, is then manufactured from the first hologram H1. For this purpose, the image of the ground glass screen 1 embodied in the first hologram Hl is reconstructed from said first hologram HI as a real image. This is done by the radiation of the first hologram H1 with a laser beam 4 at an angle of 45 . A second hologram H2 is located in the image plane or in the proximity of the image plane of the first hologram Hl whereby the master hologram 100 is generated, as a reflection hologram, on said second hologram H2. As can be seen from Fig. 1 B, the second hologram H2 is exposed by an uncoupled laser beam 5 at an angle of, for example, 45 . The second hologram H2 is then embodied on the master hologram 100 which is used for the series production of the individual holograms.
8a FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for the manufacture of an individual hologram with a radiation source which guides laser radiation 6 onto a master hologram 100 and onto a film 7 in contact with same positioned in the beam path in front of the master hologram 100 and consisting of a polymer. The laser radiation 6 is modulated by a modulation apparatus (not shown in the drawing) comprising an LCD. By means of a repeated irradiation by laser beams 8 at an angle differing from the laser radiation 6, a stereo effect can be achieved. The master hologram 100 may optionally be covered with a mask 110 with translucent regions 111 and opaque regions outside these translucent regions 111.
FIG. 3A shows an arrangement for using a master hologram 100 for the manufacture of a stimulation hologram from the master holograms produced before and FIG. 3B an arrangement for using the stimulation hologram manufactured in accordance with FIG. 3A. A mask 10 with translucent regions 11 and opaque regions outside these translucent regions 11 is located on a ground glass screen 9 or a lenticular lens. The translucent regions 11 are positioned where later hologram regions are to be created on the holographic film.
The array comprising ground glass screen 9 and mask 10 is irradiated by an object beam 12 and penetrated by the radiation in the translucent regions 11. In the beam direction behind the ground glass screen 9 and the mask 10, a hologram 13 is located which is irradiated by a convergent reference beam 14. In this way, the stimulation hologram 13 is created.
This stimulation hologram 13 can then be used in the manufacture of holograms.
As can be seen from FIG. 3B, it is irradiated by a divergent reconstruction beam 15 whereby in the image plane, the radiation is predominantly guided into those regions where the cut-outs 11 of the mask 10 were located.
As can be seen from FIG. 3B, the laser beam used in the manufacture of a hologram is shaped by the stimulation hologram 13 (stimulation holograms are accordingly also known as beam shapers). By means of the stimulation hologram 13, the photo-energy is concentrated in those regions where the transmitting regions 11 of the mask 10 were located. The mask 10 is generated as a real image 16 when used in accordance with FIG. 3A. Here, the array is arranged in such a way that the real image 16 of the mask 10 is created where the LCD is located which modulates the beam used in the manufacture of the hologram. As a result, the selected image regions on the modulating LCD are illuminated particularly strongly or illuminated in concentrated form which leads to a substantially higher light efficiency. While in an uncorrected process the light efficiency is only, for example, 5%, with the improved method, a light efficiency of 50% and in part up to 80% can be reached, with dichromatic methods even up to 90%. With an efficiency of 50% of the hologram 13 (diffraction efficiency), 50% of the total laser power is guided into the translucent regions 11. A substantial light gain results whereby again correspondingly shorter exposure times can be achieved.
Preferably, the individual master holograms are exposed in one single overall master.
This master, which contains the information of all individual masters, is then used for the manufacture of holograms. The exposure of the three masters or master holograms into one single master hologram or one single master is effected preferably one.after the other in time. The master hologram generated in this manner contains the image information of the preferably three initial holograms and is the master hologram (overall master hologram) for the subsequent series production. Preferably, the three masters are recorded in two or three different wavelengths.
In an apparatus for the manufacture of an individual hologram, in particular a contact copy of a hologram, with a radiation source for laser radiation, in particular laser radiation, for the irradiation of a master and a film, the object described above is solved by a modulation apparatus, in particular an LCD, for the modulation of the coherent radiation. Preferably, the master and the film are irradiated by an amplitude-modulated reference beam. The coherent radiation or the laser radiation or the amplitude-modulated reference beam contains the image information which is to be applied to the film and which should be embodied in the manufactured hologram.
In the copy, two or three different wavelengths of illumination are also used -adapted to the master and their manufacturing processes.
The modulation is preferably realised by an LCD (liquid crystal display). The LCD or other modulation apparatus can in turn obtain the image information by means of a computer-generated process or a scanner process or another process, for example also as a video signal.
The coherent radiation can be applied over the whole area to the master and the film, i.e. by radiation which exposes the whole image area at once. Preferably, the coherent radiation is, however, applied to the image area by a scanner, that is in a scanner process. The scanner serves to scan the coherent radiation over the master and the film. The scanner beam is modulated each time while passing over the image area, for example with the grey level applicable to the relevant pixel. This can be done as with a television picture, that is line by line and column by column. Mixed forms are also possible where a whole line is projected onto the image area at the same time in each case and this line then scanned in a direction perpendicular to it over the image area.
Preferably, such a line scanning is used.
The use of a scanner process produces advantages. Namely, for the exposure of the area covered in each case, a higher energy per surface element can be used during scanning which reduces the exposure time of this area in each case. While the total exposure time remains approximately the same, the recording is substantially less sensitive to movement here as the area covered in each case is only exposed for a shorter or a substantially shorter time. Movements of the film in relation to the master can be generated by a stress equalisation which occurs in particular in contact copying in the photographic material of the film after the clamping and lamination.
Due to the higher photo-energy which is used in the scanner process and the substantial shortening of the exposure time which can be achieved thereby, movements, in particular in the photographic material of the film, can be tolerated which in an overall illumination of the image area would lead to a substantial worsening of quality.
Furthermore, it is possible when a scanner process is used, to begin the exposure process after a substantially shorter time after the clamping of the film which substantially shortens the cycle time in series production.
It is particularly advantageous to perform a line-by-line scanning. Here, the LCD from which the image information comes can also be scanned line by line. This information can then be passed on directly to the laser or the laser line and used for the stimulation.
The invention finally relates to a hologram, in particular to a contact copy of a hologram, which is manufactured in accordance with the invention with a master in accordance with the invention and/or an apparatus in accordance with the invention.
It is advantageous if the hologram possesses a colour shift. For this purpose, the holograms manufactured or copied from the master can undergo a colour shift after exposure and fixing. This can above all be generated by the fixing. The colour shift has the effect that the hologram manufactured cannot be copied again by means of a contact copy with a laser of the same wavelength or that the quality of this contact copy would then be extremely poor and thus immediately recognisable as a fake.
It is advantageous if during the developing and fixing of the original hologram, it is ensured that the relevant external conditions are not identical in their spread over the surface of the hologram. Then the colour shift differs in effect due to these varying conditions if an attempt is made to make a copy and it is spread unevenly over the whole hologram copy. If, then, it is ensured that the conditions during the developing and fixing of the original hologram are not always identical on the whole carrier, the colour shift on a copy will differ topically; spots are then visible on the copy.
By means of the invention, a system is provided in which multiple, preferably three masters, can be used to manufacture a hologram. The individual masters are positioned in a fixed relation to one another in the manufacture of the hologram or contact hologram. They may also overlap in full or in part. It is possible that each individual master covers the whole image area, but only contains image information in a partial area with these partial areas then, however, also being able to overlap. In the overlapping or cover areas, colour interplay or other effects can occur or be deliberately caused. It is additionally possible that the several, preferably three masters, each have a different reference angle and each have a different colour.
There are basically two methods available to expose the object material, that is the film, and so to generate a hologram. In accordance with a first, essentially known method the multiple or three masters are placed on top of each other. On top of these is then placed the film or the material onto which the image should be made.
Then the exposure with coherent light is performed. The different masters can have different colours and/or different reference angles. In addition, the individual masters can contain different information and different types of information. For example, the first master can contain individual information. Preferably, the individual information is not generated by the master itself, but by the coherent radiation which is modulated accordingly; accordingly, the first master is preferably a ground glass screen master.
The second master preferably contains a three-dimensional hologram or a three-dimensional logo. The third master preferably contains an electronically legible feature. This can also be generated in such a way that always the same master is used and that the individual electronically legible information is generated by the modulation of the coherent radiation. By means of the invention, a possibility is provided to use individual holograms with additionally constant elements, that is holograms which contain individually different information, in series production or in mass production and to use the advantageous contact copy process in doing so.
In accordance with the second method, the multiple, in particular three, master holograms are exposed into one single master hologram which is then used for the manufacture of the holograms. This method has already been described above.
In the system in accordance with the invention, the same master hologram can always be used for the series manufacture of holograms, in particular by means of contact copying. The individual hologram can be generated by means of the modulated illumination (preferably LCD-modulated) which interacts with the ground glass screen master part. The three-dimensional logo is always the same and is always generated in the hologram in the same way. It reacts preferably to another colour. The electronically legible feature can also be generated in interaction with a ground glass screen master, that is with a modulated illumination, which can be performed in another colour.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a master hologram for the copying of a hologram in a contact process, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for manufacturing a hologram comprising:
a radiation source constructed and arranged to irradiate a master hologram and a film with coherent radiation, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen; and a modulation means constructed and arranged to generate the different information on the film by modulating the coherent radiation.
One embodiment of the invention is described below in detail by means of the enclosed drawings in which FIG. IA and 1B show the manufacture of a ground glass screen master;
FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for the manufacture of an hologram; and FIG. 3A and 3B show the manufacture and utilisation of a stimulation hologram.
In FIGS. lA and 1B, the manufacture of a master hologram 100 is shown schematically. First, as shown in FIG. 1 A, a ground glass screen 1 has laser light 2 irradiated through it and is recorded - as a transmission hologram - on a first hologram Hl. For this purpose, a partial beam (not shown in the drawing) is coupled out of the laser beam 2 and guided at an angle of, for example, 45 as a reference beam 3 to the first hologram H1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1B, the master hologram 100, which is preferably a ground glass screen hologram, is then manufactured from the first hologram H1. For this purpose, the image of the ground glass screen 1 embodied in the first hologram Hl is reconstructed from said first hologram HI as a real image. This is done by the radiation of the first hologram H1 with a laser beam 4 at an angle of 45 . A second hologram H2 is located in the image plane or in the proximity of the image plane of the first hologram Hl whereby the master hologram 100 is generated, as a reflection hologram, on said second hologram H2. As can be seen from Fig. 1 B, the second hologram H2 is exposed by an uncoupled laser beam 5 at an angle of, for example, 45 . The second hologram H2 is then embodied on the master hologram 100 which is used for the series production of the individual holograms.
8a FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for the manufacture of an individual hologram with a radiation source which guides laser radiation 6 onto a master hologram 100 and onto a film 7 in contact with same positioned in the beam path in front of the master hologram 100 and consisting of a polymer. The laser radiation 6 is modulated by a modulation apparatus (not shown in the drawing) comprising an LCD. By means of a repeated irradiation by laser beams 8 at an angle differing from the laser radiation 6, a stereo effect can be achieved. The master hologram 100 may optionally be covered with a mask 110 with translucent regions 111 and opaque regions outside these translucent regions 111.
FIG. 3A shows an arrangement for using a master hologram 100 for the manufacture of a stimulation hologram from the master holograms produced before and FIG. 3B an arrangement for using the stimulation hologram manufactured in accordance with FIG. 3A. A mask 10 with translucent regions 11 and opaque regions outside these translucent regions 11 is located on a ground glass screen 9 or a lenticular lens. The translucent regions 11 are positioned where later hologram regions are to be created on the holographic film.
The array comprising ground glass screen 9 and mask 10 is irradiated by an object beam 12 and penetrated by the radiation in the translucent regions 11. In the beam direction behind the ground glass screen 9 and the mask 10, a hologram 13 is located which is irradiated by a convergent reference beam 14. In this way, the stimulation hologram 13 is created.
This stimulation hologram 13 can then be used in the manufacture of holograms.
As can be seen from FIG. 3B, it is irradiated by a divergent reconstruction beam 15 whereby in the image plane, the radiation is predominantly guided into those regions where the cut-outs 11 of the mask 10 were located.
As can be seen from FIG. 3B, the laser beam used in the manufacture of a hologram is shaped by the stimulation hologram 13 (stimulation holograms are accordingly also known as beam shapers). By means of the stimulation hologram 13, the photo-energy is concentrated in those regions where the transmitting regions 11 of the mask 10 were located. The mask 10 is generated as a real image 16 when used in accordance with FIG. 3A. Here, the array is arranged in such a way that the real image 16 of the mask 10 is created where the LCD is located which modulates the beam used in the manufacture of the hologram. As a result, the selected image regions on the modulating LCD are illuminated particularly strongly or illuminated in concentrated form which leads to a substantially higher light efficiency. While in an uncorrected process the light efficiency is only, for example, 5%, with the improved method, a light efficiency of 50% and in part up to 80% can be reached, with dichromatic methods even up to 90%. With an efficiency of 50% of the hologram 13 (diffraction efficiency), 50% of the total laser power is guided into the translucent regions 11. A substantial light gain results whereby again correspondingly shorter exposure times can be achieved.
Claims (28)
1. A master hologram for the copying of a hologram in a contact process, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen.
2. A master hologram according to claim 1, wherein the ground glass screen is a structured ground glass screen in the form of a lenticular screen.
3. A master hologram according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first individual hologram is a reflection hologram which is manufactured from a transmission hologram of the ground glass screen.
4. A master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first individual hologram is manufactured in at least two wavelengths.
5. A master hologram according to claim 4, wherein the first individual hologram is manufactured in three wavelengths.
6. A master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the second individual hologram contains constant information.
7. A master hologram according to claim 6, the constant information is an identification symbol.
8. A master hologram according to claim 7, wherein the constant information is a three-dimensional identification symbol.
9. A master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the master hologram further comprises a third individual hologram.
10. A master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the third individual hologram contains an electronically legible feature.
11. A master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein each individual hologram is exposed into a single master hologram.
12. A master hologram according to any one of claims 2 to 11, wherein at least one stimulation hologram is manufactured from the master hologram.
13. A master according to claim 12, wherein each stimulation hologram is manufactured as a computer-generated hologram.
14. A master hologram according to claim 13,wherein the stimulation hologram is manufactured interferometrically.
15. An apparatus for manufacturing a hologram comprising:
a radiation source constructed and arranged to irradiate a master hologram and a film with coherent radiation, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen; and a modulation means constructed and arranged to generate the different information on the film by modulating the coherent radiation.
a radiation source constructed and arranged to irradiate a master hologram and a film with coherent radiation, the master hologram comprising at least a first and a second individual hologram, each bearing different information, wherein the first individual hologram is the hologram of a ground glass screen; and a modulation means constructed and arranged to generate the different information on the film by modulating the coherent radiation.
16. An apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the hologram is manufactured as a contact copy.
17. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the modulation means is a liquid crystal display.
18. An apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the radiation source is constructed and arranged to irradiate the master hologram with at least two different wavelengths.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the radiation source is constructed and arranged to irradiate the master hologram with three different wavelengths.
20. An apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 19, further comprising a scanner constructed and arranged to scan the coherent radiation over the master hologram and the film.
21. An apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 20, further comprising a stimulation hologram for shaping the coherent radiation.
22. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the stimulation hologram is a computer-generated hologram.
23. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the stimulation hologram is manufactured interferometrically.
24. An apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 23, further comprising a means for colour irradiating the master hologram and the film.
25. An apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the means for colour irradiating the master hologram and the film is a liquid crystal display having colour capability.
26. A hologram manufactured by a contact process from a master hologram according to any one of claims 1 to 14.
27. A hologram manufactured by the apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 25.
28. A hologram manufactured according to claim 26, further comprising a colour shift created during development of at least the first individual hologram.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19734046.6 | 1997-08-06 | ||
| DE19734046 | 1997-08-06 | ||
| DE19809503.1 | 1998-03-05 | ||
| DE19809503A DE19809503A1 (en) | 1997-08-06 | 1998-03-05 | Device for the production of individual holograms for securing documents |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2244018A1 CA2244018A1 (en) | 1999-02-06 |
| CA2244018C true CA2244018C (en) | 2009-05-26 |
Family
ID=26038906
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002244018A Expired - Lifetime CA2244018C (en) | 1997-08-06 | 1998-07-28 | An apparatus for the manufacture of individual holograms to make documents secure |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0896260B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH11126012A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1215854A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2244018C (en) |
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- 1998-08-04 EP EP98114655.8A patent/EP0896260B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-06 JP JP10223321A patent/JPH11126012A/en active Pending
- 1998-08-06 CN CN98118018A patent/CN1215854A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11126012A (en) | 1999-05-11 |
| CA2244018A1 (en) | 1999-02-06 |
| EP0896260B1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
| EP0896260A3 (en) | 1999-12-01 |
| CN1215854A (en) | 1999-05-05 |
| EP0896260A2 (en) | 1999-02-10 |
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| MKEX | Expiry |
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