CA2142291A1 - Heating apparatus - Google Patents
Heating apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA2142291A1 CA2142291A1 CA 2142291 CA2142291A CA2142291A1 CA 2142291 A1 CA2142291 A1 CA 2142291A1 CA 2142291 CA2142291 CA 2142291 CA 2142291 A CA2142291 A CA 2142291A CA 2142291 A1 CA2142291 A1 CA 2142291A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- mandrel
- heating element
- liquid
- heating
- gap
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
- F24H1/14—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form
- F24H1/142—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form using electric energy supply
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
A method of heating a liquid which comprises providing a mandrel (12) within a heating element (14) having at least one surface, and passing the liquid down the mandrel in the form of a thin film (22) in such a manner that it does not contact the heating surface (14). This may be carried out in apparatus which comprises a heating element (14) within which is located a mandrel (12), not in contact with the element, a source of liquid (18), and means (20) for allowing the liquid from the source to flow over the mandrel (12) in the form of a thin film (22). The mandrel (12) will normally be maintained in a vertical orientation and the source of liquid (18) may be at the top thereof. The liquid is allowed to run as a film (22) down the surface of the mandrel (12). The mandrel (12) is surrounded by the hot surface of the heating element (14) and heat passes principally by radiant heat across the gap (16) between the hot surface of the heating element (14) to the liquid passing down the mandrel (12). Thus there is no direct contact between the liquid to be heated and any heated surface of the heating element (14). The mandrel (12) itself will normally not be heated and, indeed, it may be made from materials having good corrosion and release properties but a thermal conductivity so poor that they would not normally be used in heat exchanger manufacture. It need not be made from metal, and may, for example, be made from materials such as ceramics or glass, optionally with release coatings of, for instance, PTFE.
Description
~ 1 4 2! 2 9 1 HEP,TING APPAR~TtJS
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for heating liquids, and in particular to a method of apparatus for heating liquids in an indirect manner.
Liquids are commonly heated by allowing them to flow over a hot surface but some fluids are very difficult to heat in this way.
For exam~le, many (such as some biological fluids) deposit layers of solid material on the heat transfer surface which then act as insulation impeding the further flow of heat to the liquid. This tendency, referred to as fouling, may be reduced to some extent by various stratagems but nevertheless remains a considerable problem.
The invention seeks to provide a me~hod and apparatus of heating liquid improved in the above respects.
US patent 4,164,441 describes an apparatus for heating and separating a corrosive liquid using two spaced concentric tubes. The liquid is made to flow over the inner surface of the inner tube and hot flue gases contact the outside of the outer tube. In this arrangement, the heat is transmitted through the walls of the tubes from the hot gases to the liquid. French patent 2129118 describes a water heater in which hot gases are made to flow in a turbulent manner over the outer surface of a cylinder whilst giving up its heat across a reser~oir wall to water contained in a reservoir surrounding the inner c~ylinder.
According to the present invention there is pro~ided a method of heating a liquid which comprises providing an unheated mandrel within a heating element having at least one heating surface such that there is a gap between the mandrel and the heating element, characterised in that the liquid passes down the surface of the mandrel in the form of thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surf ace of the 214~291 `-:
heating element but is heated by heat passing across the gap from the heating surface of the heating element to the liquid.
The invention also provides an apparatus which comprises having at least one heating surface within which is located an unheated mandrel such as to define a gap between the mandrel and the heating element and a source of liquid, characterised in that there is provided means for allowing the liquid from the source to flow over the surface of the mandrel in the form of a thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surface of the heating element but is heated by heat pascing across the gap from the heating surface of the heating element to the liquid.
: .~
The mandrel will normally be maintained in a vertical orientation and the source of liquid may be at the top thereof. `~
The liquid is allowed to run as a film down the surface of the mandrel. The mandrel is surrounded ~y the hot surface of the ,:.?`
heating element and heat passes principally by radiant heat -~
across the gap between the hot surface of the heating element ~`
to the liquid passing down the mandrel, or by convection in the '`;
~MENDED SHEET
.. , . , , ,, . , .. . .. , .... ... , . , . .. . . , .. ,. . ~ . .. , . . . . ., . . . , . . , , . ., ., ~ ..
. .
W094/04876 PCT/GB93/~1728 gas or vapour in the gap, or by a combination of both processes. Thus there is no direct contact between the liquid to be heated and any heated surface of the heating element.
The mandrel will itself will normally not be heated and, indeed, it may be made from materials having good corrosion and relea~e properties but a thermal conductivity so poor that they would not normally be used in heat exchanger manufacture. It need not be made from metal, and may, for example, be made from ~aterialæ CUch ~s ceramics or g~ass, optionally with release coatings of, for instance, PTFE.
The indirect heating of the liquid has various advantagec.
Firstly heat transferred to the liquid continues even if a layer of solid material builds up on the mandrel over which it flows. Secondly it is envisaged that in most cases solids will not bond tQ the unheated mandrel in the same way that they would to a heated surface. This will result in a large -proportion of any solids formed simply washing down the mandrel ~ith the liquid and not permanently fouling the mandrel æurface. The apparatus can be arranged so that mandrels can be removed easily for cleaning in contrast to the tubes or plates of a conventional process heat exchanger.
The heating elements may be of any suitable design and will preferably be a cylindrical elem~nt surrounding the mandrel but not touching it. Heating may be, for example, by hot oil or high pressure steam, although in certain circumstances an electrical heating element may be employed. The gap between the heating element and the mandrel will be adjusted to suit the requirements of the process being carried out and may contain air or some other gas or may be evacuated.
The heat supplied to the fluid can simply be to increase its temperature but it is envisaged that the apparatus will be used most frequently for the purpose of evaporating some or all of the liquid. In this case vapour will be produced which will pass through the gap between the mandrel and the heating W094/04876 jj, 219 2 2 91 PCT/GB93/01728 -3- ~.
element and may leave the apparatus from the top, or with ;~
unvapourised li~uid from the bottom.
The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole ~-figure is a diagrammatic ectional view of an apparatus in -~:
accordance with the invention. ~-Re~erring to the drawing, an apparatus for heating liquids `.
generally designated (lO~ comprises a central vertical mandrel :-~12) surxounded by a cylindrical heating element (14~, which may ~e an electrical heating element. A gap (16) exists between the mandre~ and the element tl4) and the element (14). A fluid reservoir (18) is provided at the top of the vertical mandrel (12). Means, such as a narrow annular gap (20), are arranged between the reservoir (18) and the mandrel (12) such that a film (22) of liquid flows downwardly over the ~-surface of the mandrel (12).
} !~
In use, the element ~14) is activated so that heat is radiated and/or convected towards the mandrel (12). The means (20) is activated ~o allow the film (22) to flow down the surface of the mandrel (12~. The film (22) receives heat indirectly from the element (14), that is the liguid is not in contact with any heated surface of the element (14) but receives the heat by radiation, convection or a combination of the two. ~ot liquid (24) is removed from the bottom of the apparatus (lO).
Should it be required to vaporise some or all of the liquid then the rate of flow of the liquid and/or the amount of heat provided by the element (14) is adjusted so that the necessary evaporation takes place. Vapour may be removed either from the top of the element (14) or from the bottom together with the heated liquid.
For the majority of applications a typical mandrel diameter may be in the range of from 40 to lO0 mm with a gap size in the W094/04876 ~ 1 ~ 2~ ~ i PCT/GB93JOIt28 ranga of from 2mm to 20 mm, but dimensions outside these ranges may be employed where appropriate.
The apparatus and method of the invention are particularly used with li~uids which are difficult to heat without fouling, such as oils, aqueous solutions of salts, and biological fluids.
The apparatus of the invention may be used singly, in multiple applications, either parallel or series, or with other conventional apparatus~
The apparatus and method of the invention provides an improved method of heating liguids prone to fouling.
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for heating liquids, and in particular to a method of apparatus for heating liquids in an indirect manner.
Liquids are commonly heated by allowing them to flow over a hot surface but some fluids are very difficult to heat in this way.
For exam~le, many (such as some biological fluids) deposit layers of solid material on the heat transfer surface which then act as insulation impeding the further flow of heat to the liquid. This tendency, referred to as fouling, may be reduced to some extent by various stratagems but nevertheless remains a considerable problem.
The invention seeks to provide a me~hod and apparatus of heating liquid improved in the above respects.
US patent 4,164,441 describes an apparatus for heating and separating a corrosive liquid using two spaced concentric tubes. The liquid is made to flow over the inner surface of the inner tube and hot flue gases contact the outside of the outer tube. In this arrangement, the heat is transmitted through the walls of the tubes from the hot gases to the liquid. French patent 2129118 describes a water heater in which hot gases are made to flow in a turbulent manner over the outer surface of a cylinder whilst giving up its heat across a reser~oir wall to water contained in a reservoir surrounding the inner c~ylinder.
According to the present invention there is pro~ided a method of heating a liquid which comprises providing an unheated mandrel within a heating element having at least one heating surface such that there is a gap between the mandrel and the heating element, characterised in that the liquid passes down the surface of the mandrel in the form of thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surf ace of the 214~291 `-:
heating element but is heated by heat passing across the gap from the heating surface of the heating element to the liquid.
The invention also provides an apparatus which comprises having at least one heating surface within which is located an unheated mandrel such as to define a gap between the mandrel and the heating element and a source of liquid, characterised in that there is provided means for allowing the liquid from the source to flow over the surface of the mandrel in the form of a thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surface of the heating element but is heated by heat pascing across the gap from the heating surface of the heating element to the liquid.
: .~
The mandrel will normally be maintained in a vertical orientation and the source of liquid may be at the top thereof. `~
The liquid is allowed to run as a film down the surface of the mandrel. The mandrel is surrounded ~y the hot surface of the ,:.?`
heating element and heat passes principally by radiant heat -~
across the gap between the hot surface of the heating element ~`
to the liquid passing down the mandrel, or by convection in the '`;
~MENDED SHEET
.. , . , , ,, . , .. . .. , .... ... , . , . .. . . , .. ,. . ~ . .. , . . . . ., . . . , . . , , . ., ., ~ ..
. .
W094/04876 PCT/GB93/~1728 gas or vapour in the gap, or by a combination of both processes. Thus there is no direct contact between the liquid to be heated and any heated surface of the heating element.
The mandrel will itself will normally not be heated and, indeed, it may be made from materials having good corrosion and relea~e properties but a thermal conductivity so poor that they would not normally be used in heat exchanger manufacture. It need not be made from metal, and may, for example, be made from ~aterialæ CUch ~s ceramics or g~ass, optionally with release coatings of, for instance, PTFE.
The indirect heating of the liquid has various advantagec.
Firstly heat transferred to the liquid continues even if a layer of solid material builds up on the mandrel over which it flows. Secondly it is envisaged that in most cases solids will not bond tQ the unheated mandrel in the same way that they would to a heated surface. This will result in a large -proportion of any solids formed simply washing down the mandrel ~ith the liquid and not permanently fouling the mandrel æurface. The apparatus can be arranged so that mandrels can be removed easily for cleaning in contrast to the tubes or plates of a conventional process heat exchanger.
The heating elements may be of any suitable design and will preferably be a cylindrical elem~nt surrounding the mandrel but not touching it. Heating may be, for example, by hot oil or high pressure steam, although in certain circumstances an electrical heating element may be employed. The gap between the heating element and the mandrel will be adjusted to suit the requirements of the process being carried out and may contain air or some other gas or may be evacuated.
The heat supplied to the fluid can simply be to increase its temperature but it is envisaged that the apparatus will be used most frequently for the purpose of evaporating some or all of the liquid. In this case vapour will be produced which will pass through the gap between the mandrel and the heating W094/04876 jj, 219 2 2 91 PCT/GB93/01728 -3- ~.
element and may leave the apparatus from the top, or with ;~
unvapourised li~uid from the bottom.
The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole ~-figure is a diagrammatic ectional view of an apparatus in -~:
accordance with the invention. ~-Re~erring to the drawing, an apparatus for heating liquids `.
generally designated (lO~ comprises a central vertical mandrel :-~12) surxounded by a cylindrical heating element (14~, which may ~e an electrical heating element. A gap (16) exists between the mandre~ and the element tl4) and the element (14). A fluid reservoir (18) is provided at the top of the vertical mandrel (12). Means, such as a narrow annular gap (20), are arranged between the reservoir (18) and the mandrel (12) such that a film (22) of liquid flows downwardly over the ~-surface of the mandrel (12).
} !~
In use, the element ~14) is activated so that heat is radiated and/or convected towards the mandrel (12). The means (20) is activated ~o allow the film (22) to flow down the surface of the mandrel (12~. The film (22) receives heat indirectly from the element (14), that is the liguid is not in contact with any heated surface of the element (14) but receives the heat by radiation, convection or a combination of the two. ~ot liquid (24) is removed from the bottom of the apparatus (lO).
Should it be required to vaporise some or all of the liquid then the rate of flow of the liquid and/or the amount of heat provided by the element (14) is adjusted so that the necessary evaporation takes place. Vapour may be removed either from the top of the element (14) or from the bottom together with the heated liquid.
For the majority of applications a typical mandrel diameter may be in the range of from 40 to lO0 mm with a gap size in the W094/04876 ~ 1 ~ 2~ ~ i PCT/GB93JOIt28 ranga of from 2mm to 20 mm, but dimensions outside these ranges may be employed where appropriate.
The apparatus and method of the invention are particularly used with li~uids which are difficult to heat without fouling, such as oils, aqueous solutions of salts, and biological fluids.
The apparatus of the invention may be used singly, in multiple applications, either parallel or series, or with other conventional apparatus~
The apparatus and method of the invention provides an improved method of heating liguids prone to fouling.
Claims (12)
1. A method of heating a liquid which comprises providing an unheated mandrel (12) within a heating element (14) having at least one heating surface such that there is a gap (16) between the mandrel (12) and the heating element (14), characterised in that the liquid (22) passes down the surface of the mandrel in the form of a thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surface of the heating element (14) but is heated by heat passing across the gap (16) from the heating surface of the heating element to the liquid (22).
2. An apparatus which comprises a heating element (14) having at least one heating surface within which is located an unheated mandrel (12) such as to define a gap (16) between the mandrel (12) and the heating element (14) and a source of liquid (18), characterised in that there is provided means for allowing the liquid (22) from the source to flow over the surface of the mandrel (12) in the form of a thin film and in such a manner that it does not contact any heated surface of the heating element (14) but is heated by heat passing across the gap (16) from the heating surface of the heating element (14) to the liquid (22).
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 further characterised in that the mandrel (12) is maintained in a vertical orientation and the source of liquid (18) is at the top thereof.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 further characterised in that the hot surface of the heating element (14) surrounds the mandrel (12) and heat passes principally by radiant heat across the gap (16) between the hot surface of the heating element (14) to the liquid (22) passing down the mandrel (12).
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 further characterised in that the hot surface of the heating element (14) surrounds the mandrel (12) and heat passes principally by convection in the gas or vapour in the gap (16) between the hot surface of the heating element (14) to the liquid (22) passing down the mandrel (14).
6. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 5 further characterised in that the mandrel (12) is made from a material having good corrosion and release properties but of low thermal conductivity.
7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 further characterised in that the mandrel (12) is made from a ceramic or glass.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 further characterised in that the mandrel (12) is coated with a release coating.
9. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 8 further characterised in that the mandrel (12) is easily removable for cleaning.
10. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 9 further characterised in that the heating element (14) is a cylindrical element surrounding the mandrel (12) but not touching it.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 further characterised in that the heating element (14) is heated by hot oil, high pressure steam, or an electrical heating element.
12. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 10 further characterised in that the gap between the heating element (14) and the mandrel (12) is from 2mm to 20 mm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9217176.8 | 1992-08-13 | ||
| GB929217176A GB9217176D0 (en) | 1992-08-13 | 1992-08-13 | Heating apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2142291A1 true CA2142291A1 (en) | 1994-03-03 |
Family
ID=10720274
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2142291 Abandoned CA2142291A1 (en) | 1992-08-13 | 1993-08-13 | Heating apparatus |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0654138B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH08500895A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU4726293A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2142291A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69306395T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2094559T3 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB9217176D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994004876A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6607607B2 (en) | 2000-04-28 | 2003-08-19 | Bj Services Company | Coiled tubing wellbore cleanout |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB384090A (en) * | 1931-01-26 | 1932-12-01 | Eloy Cignolo | Apparatus for heating gases by electricity |
| CH604798A5 (en) * | 1976-06-18 | 1978-09-15 | Bertrams Ag Hch |
-
1992
- 1992-08-13 GB GB929217176A patent/GB9217176D0/en active Pending
-
1993
- 1993-08-13 DE DE69306395T patent/DE69306395T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-08-13 WO PCT/GB1993/001728 patent/WO1994004876A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-08-13 EP EP93918026A patent/EP0654138B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-08-13 ES ES93918026T patent/ES2094559T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-08-13 AU AU47262/93A patent/AU4726293A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-08-13 JP JP6506023A patent/JPH08500895A/en active Pending
- 1993-08-13 CA CA 2142291 patent/CA2142291A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0654138B1 (en) | 1996-12-04 |
| DE69306395T2 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
| WO1994004876A1 (en) | 1994-03-03 |
| EP0654138A1 (en) | 1995-05-24 |
| AU4726293A (en) | 1994-03-15 |
| GB9217176D0 (en) | 1992-09-23 |
| DE69306395D1 (en) | 1997-01-16 |
| JPH08500895A (en) | 1996-01-30 |
| ES2094559T3 (en) | 1997-01-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |