CA2113431A1 - Rodent bait package - Google Patents
Rodent bait packageInfo
- Publication number
- CA2113431A1 CA2113431A1 CA 2113431 CA2113431A CA2113431A1 CA 2113431 A1 CA2113431 A1 CA 2113431A1 CA 2113431 CA2113431 CA 2113431 CA 2113431 A CA2113431 A CA 2113431A CA 2113431 A1 CA2113431 A1 CA 2113431A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- bait
- rodent
- package
- repellent
- rodenticide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
- A01N25/004—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits rodenticidal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
A rodent bait package comprising a quantity of a rodenticide bait composition contained in a package characterised in that the package is made of a material which has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and/or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-target species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition without deterring the target rodent species.
Description
RODENT BAIT PACKAGE
The present invention relates to a rodent bait package useful in preventing accidental ingestion by non-target species.
Rodenticide baits were originally formulated on food baits such as whole grains, fine meals, flours and coarse meals. Such baits are very attractive to granivorous birds and this problem is largely overcome by ~-binding the finely milled grains into a solid matrix with wax. The grains in the wax block are not recognisable by birds. Another method of reduring ehe hazard is to present the bait, for example a wax block, inside a -package or bait station which is accessible to the rodent but not to birds or other animals or humans. Ho~ever, restric~ed access is disadvantageous as ~he rodents prefer open access to food materials. Accidental ingestion of rodenticides by humans, particularly children, and companion animals, -~
particularly dogs, is still a hazard albeit considerably reduced by careful baiting techniques. -~
It is known to use a bittering agent in rodenticide baits in order to ~`~
repel a non-target animal but not the rodent. GB 2213724 discloses the US2 of denatonium benzoate in a composition which repels cats, dogs, birds and -~
insects. RD 2B7020 discloses the use of denatonium benzoa~e in a rodenticide bait eo reduce the palatability to humans and non-target animals. It also discloses that denatonium benzoate ran increase the palatability to rats and mice of the rodenticide bromodialone. No evidence of this effect is presented. D~natonium benzoate is known by the trade name Bitrex . A review is given in Chemistry and Industry, 21 November 198B, p721-723. Rodents are knoun to be deterred by beeueen lOO and 300 ppm of Bitrex, humans are deterred by lO ppm of Bitrex and dogs are deterred by greater than lOO ppm of Bitrex. Commercially available solutions of Bitrex for preventing dogs from chewing articles (for example Che~guard ) contain from 125-650 ppm. The uide range o~ application rates indicates that different varieties of dogs are more easily repelled than others. Therefore, in a rodenticide bait containing sufficient Bierex to ensure deterrence of a dog it is probable that the rodent will also be deterred to a certain extent.
It is also known to package bai~ compositions e.g. whole grains, wax blocks etc, in dosage bags or place-pac~s. Such packages are useful for * indicates a registered trade~ark 2113 ~131 2 - PCT/GB92/01158 preventing contamination of the operator, for placing a pre-measured dos~
of the rodenticide or for throwing into a place frequented by rodents which is difficult to access by the operator.
The problem is ~o present sufficient bittering agent or repellent in a bait package containing rodentiride to ensure repellence of non-target animals without affecting the palatability of the bait to the rodent.
Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a rodent bait package comprising a quantity of a rodenticide bait composition contained in a package, characterised in that, the package is made of a material which has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and~or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-target species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition wi~hout deterring the target rodent species.
Rodent species are sensitive to certain materials in baits and are sensitive to the bittering agents which are commonly added to rodenticide baits. It has now been found to be possible to separate the material to which the rodcnt is sensitive from the bait to which it is attracted with the consequence that there is less chance of the rodent being deeerred from eating the bait.
It is a feature of rodent species that they are able to separate out the mechanisms of gnawing and tasting. This is because in the mouth of the rodent there is a large gap between ehe gnawing (incisor) and chewing ~molar) teeth, called the diastema. Uhen gna~ing, rodents habitually separate with their cheeks, their incisor teeth fro~ the taste receptors on their tongues, making use of the diastema between their incisor and molar teeth. Therefore, rodents are able to gnaw through articles uhich are extremely unpalatable to them in order to reach food mat~rials which are palatable. Therefore, in the present invention, the bittering agent which the rodents find unpalatable has been placed in and/or on a packaging material surrounding the bait, so that in use, the rodent gnaws through the packaging material ~ithout tasting the bitter agent and obtains access to the palatable rodenticide bait uhich it consumes by chewing. This ability means that a greater level of bittering agent or repellant can be used in or on the packaging material than uas previously used in the rodenticide bait composition.
Other vulnerable non-~arget species, for example, companion animals and non-rodent wildlife, do not have this ability and are deterred by taking the package into their mouths.
r~ u l i 5 ~ -211~31 7 ~
- ,.
This invention is suitable for use with any rodenticide. In particular the following anticoagulant rodenticides are mentioned, for example, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, difethialone, warfarin, coumachlor, - -coumafuryl, pindone, valone, coumatetralyl. This invention could also be used with acute poisons, for example, bromethalin, flupropadine, zinc phosphide, calciferol, cholecalciferol, antu (alpha-napthylthio-urea), alpha-chloralose9 crimidine, fluoro-acetamide, sodium fluoroacetate, --`~
norbormide, scillirocide, strychnine and thallium sulphate. ~
The bait compositions can be any of the conventionally used - ~-compositions provided the packaging material is suitable for that composition for example, meals or flours, whole or broken cereal grains, granules, pellets, briquettes, tablets, wax blocks and wax pellets, pastes, ~-gels, greases and liquid formulations. If the rodenticide is formulated as a meal or flour, the packaging is suitably of a material which does not fragment as this may leave particles of bitter agent in the bait. A liquid formulation must obviously be packaged in a liquid tighe package.
The amount of rodenticide in the baie composition is the conventional amouht which varies according to the type of rodenticide~ Typically, this is 5ppm to lOOppm of an anticoagulant bait. The bait composition itself ~-~
may contain a bittering agent at a level palatable to rodents. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention there is provided, a rodent bait package as defined herein in which bittering agent or repellent is also incorporated in the rodenticide bait.
Suitable ma~erials for packaging include conventional packaging materials for foodstuffs, such as plastics, fabrics, laminates and paper such as those used for packaging bread or tea (i.e. tea-bags). For example, wool, linen, cotton, cardboard, polythene, cellulose film, metal foils and laminates of two or more of these materials. The material may be vapour permeable. The choice of material is important since once packed the bait may ha~e a shelf life of up to 2-3 years and the bait held within should not become contaminated during this time with the bittering~
repellent agent.
Bxamples of suitable substances as bittering agents are, for example, denatonium benzoate (Bltrex), denatoniu~ saccharide (Vilex~, bitter apple extracts, quinine, quinone~ and phenols, quassin, brucine, bitter aloes and sucrose octaacetate. Bittering agents ~ay be naturally occurring or synthetic.
Llt~ Kinndom p~,fqnt O,f;fic~ ~ SJ~sTlTuTE SHEET
2113~31 PCTl6B~ 2~/01 158~
Examples of suieable substances as repellents are 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, amyl acetate, cinnamide or an alkoxylated derivative thereof such as those disclosed in EP-A-373909 and alkyl isothiocyanate.
The amount of bittering agent or repellent in the package required to achie~e the effect is from 100 to lOOOppm, more particularly from 200 to 800ppm, especially 300 to 700ppm. Wherever bittering agent is referred to in this specification it is ~o be understood to include repellent.
In addition to the bittering agent other additives may also be used in the packaging. For example, emetics such as triazolopyrimidines, ipecacuanha, and sodium tripolyphosphate; st~nching agents such as ethyl mercaptan, aversive agents, for example, bird aversive agents such as the dyes, natural gentian extract, cochineal, madder and cinnamide derivatives as disclosed in EP-A 321208.
The packaging may be prepared by any of the conventional packaging techniques in rodenticide bait technology or in foodstuff technology. The bait composi~ions are prepared in the conventional manner. The packaging material may have the bittering agent added during manufacture or the material may be impregnated using a solvent carrier. In these cases the bittering agent is integral with the packaging material. Alternatively, the packaging material may be dipped in or sprayed with the bittering agent so that the packaging material has the bittering agent on one or both sides. In a further alternative the packaging material may be printed with an ink containing bittering agent, for example Bitrex.
The packaging material enclosing the bait composition may be in the form of, for example, an envelope, sachet, box, capsule, tu~e, bag9 blister ~ack, carton or pouch. The package usually contains between lg and lOOOg of rodènticide bai~ composition, typically from 5g to 500g.
The rodent bait package may be used against a wide range of rodents pests, including the following commensal species, Rattus species, particularly Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), Rattus ~attus (Brown rat~
Rattus ar~entiventer (Cotton rat~; Hus species, particularly Mus musculus (House mouse); as well as non-commensal species which occur particu}arly as pests of agricultural crops or stored produce in various parts of the world, such as for example voles of the family Cricetidae including Microtus spp. such as H. agrestis, and Ari~icola spp. such as A.
terrestris, rats and mice of the family Huridae~ including Apodemus spp.
such as A. sylvaticus, Acomys caharinus, odon spp., Arvicanthis nilotica, Holochilus braziliensis, ~astomys natalensi~, Mus boodu~a, Mus platythrix, ~_ Uni'3d )~,z,~ m P~tent Offlce ~, ~ SUBSTITUTE SH~Er W O 93/01712 2113 4 31 PCT/GB92/01158 `
_ 5 _ . ~
Neotoma spp., Peromyscus spp., Rattus exulans, Rattus meltada. Rattu~
tiomanicus, Sigmodon hispidus and other rodents such as Nesokia indica, Tatera indica, Spermophilus spp., Meriones spp., Eutamias spp., Citellus spp., Bandicota spp., Cricetus cricetus, Ondatra zibetheca, and Myocas~or coypus, although this is not intended to be an exhaustive list.
In use, one or more of the rodent bait packages are placed at a locus -`
frequented by rodents. The rodent gnaws through the package to the rodenticide bait composition un-det~rred by the bittering agent or repellent, whereas non-rodent species are deterred from touching or consumin~ the package by the bittering a~ent or repellant, and thereby deterred from consuming the rodenticide bait composition. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preventing ~`
consumption of a rodenticide bait composition by non-target species comprising supplying a rodent bait package containing a quantity of rodenticide bait composition to a locus frequented by rodents characterised in that the parkage is made of a material uhich has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and~or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or ;
repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-targe~ ~
species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition without deterring -the targee rodent species. -~-The invention is illustrated by reference to, but is not limited by, the followi.lg examples which demonstrate rodent bait packages containing rodenticide bait compositions and that rodents are not deterred by high levels of bittering agents or repellent when presented according to the present invention. The skilled operator will appreciate that any of the rodenticides specified herein could be used in the following examples.
This Example illustrates rodenticidal compositions according to the invention.
A. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005Z wJu (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Klerat pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper dipped in Bitrex at 600ppm.
B. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.0025X w/w (i.e. 25ppm) formulated as Klerat pellets.
30g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated in Bitrex at 600ppm.
C. Rodenticide bai~ con~aining difenacoum at 0.005X wJw ti.e. 50ppm) formulated as Ratak pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper dipped in Bitrex at 500ppm.
D. Rodenticide bait containing difenacoum at 0.0025X w~w (i.e. 25ppm) formulated as Klera~ pellets.
40g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of papeE
dipped in Bitrex at 700ppm.
E. Rodenticide bait containing flocumafen at 0.005% w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Storm wax briquette.
20g of rodenticide wax briquette contained in a carton made of cardboard printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
F. Rodenticide bait containing flocumafen at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Storm pellets.
25g of rodenticide pellets contained in a sachet made of paperJplastic laminate printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
G. Rodenticide bait containing difethialone at 0.005X wJu (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as conventional cereal based pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
H. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.001~ w/w (i.e. lOppm) formulated as wax pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
I. Rodenticide bait coneaining brodifacoum at 0.005X ~tw (i.e. 50ppm) formulated in a conventional broken grain formulation.
20g of rodenticide broken grain formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm. ;--J. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated in a conventional ~hole grain formulation.
20g of rodenticide whole grain formulation contained in a sachet made -of paper/plastic laminate, printed uith Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
K. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. SOppm) formulated as Klerat wax pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of metal foil paper sprayed with Bitrex at 8QOppm.
L. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formula~ed as Klerat uax block.
250g of rodenticide vax block contained in a carton made of plastic ~ - .- , , .. ~ , .. . .. .
` W 0 ~3/01712 2 1 1 3 Ll 3 1 PCT/GB92/01158 .
impregnated with Bitrex at 650ppm.
M. Rodenticide bait con~aining brodifacoum at O.OO5ZwJw (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as a tracking powder. -20g of r~denticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of polythene impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
N. Rodenticide bait containing warfarin at 0.025X w/w (i.e. 250ppm~
formulated in a conventional broken grain formulation.
50g of rodenticide broken grain.formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
O. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005~ w/w ~i.e. 50ppm) formulaeed in a gel formulation.
25g of rodenticide gel formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the acceptance by rodents of Bitrex treated rodenticide bait packages. The packages uere made of a paper/plastic laminate with the paper forming the external ~-component of the laminate. The packages were diped in a solution of 650pp~
Bitrex until the paper ~as visibly saturated.
Two groups of rats (CD Norway Rat) and t~o groups of house mice (Mus musculus-Swiss) were used in this experiment. Each group cDntained five `-male and five female rodents. One group of each of the rats and mice ~ere given rodenticide bait packages containing "Klerat" pellets with Bitrex impregnated into the external layer of the package. The remaining two groups were given untreated rodenticide bait packages. The packages were given to each group sver a period of 3 days. Results are given in Table 1.
Table 1 ¦ ¦ Z Acceptance ¦ Confidence limit . .
. , .~
S~iss House mouse p=O.1 I P30.05 ~ :
l l I
With Bitrex 29.3 i 6-915 ¦ 9.165 NQ Bitrex 26.1 ¦ 4.564 ¦ 6.049 I
¦ CD Noruay Rat ¦ i i ¦ With Bitrex 1 43.3 1 5.394 ¦ 7-149 ¦ NO Bitrex ¦ 34.0 ¦ 8.575 ¦ 11.365 W 0 93/01712 ~113 ~ 8 - PCT/GB92/01158 There was no significant difference betueen the acceptanc~ of the Klerat rodenticide bait in the bait bags uith or uithout Bitrex incorporated in the bag for either the mouse or rat. These.results demonstrate that rodents are not significantly deterred from eating the bait containPd in ehe packages of the present invention by high levels of bittering agent (i.e. grea~er than 300 ppm) on or in the packaging material. ~-
The present invention relates to a rodent bait package useful in preventing accidental ingestion by non-target species.
Rodenticide baits were originally formulated on food baits such as whole grains, fine meals, flours and coarse meals. Such baits are very attractive to granivorous birds and this problem is largely overcome by ~-binding the finely milled grains into a solid matrix with wax. The grains in the wax block are not recognisable by birds. Another method of reduring ehe hazard is to present the bait, for example a wax block, inside a -package or bait station which is accessible to the rodent but not to birds or other animals or humans. Ho~ever, restric~ed access is disadvantageous as ~he rodents prefer open access to food materials. Accidental ingestion of rodenticides by humans, particularly children, and companion animals, -~
particularly dogs, is still a hazard albeit considerably reduced by careful baiting techniques. -~
It is known to use a bittering agent in rodenticide baits in order to ~`~
repel a non-target animal but not the rodent. GB 2213724 discloses the US2 of denatonium benzoate in a composition which repels cats, dogs, birds and -~
insects. RD 2B7020 discloses the use of denatonium benzoa~e in a rodenticide bait eo reduce the palatability to humans and non-target animals. It also discloses that denatonium benzoate ran increase the palatability to rats and mice of the rodenticide bromodialone. No evidence of this effect is presented. D~natonium benzoate is known by the trade name Bitrex . A review is given in Chemistry and Industry, 21 November 198B, p721-723. Rodents are knoun to be deterred by beeueen lOO and 300 ppm of Bitrex, humans are deterred by lO ppm of Bitrex and dogs are deterred by greater than lOO ppm of Bitrex. Commercially available solutions of Bitrex for preventing dogs from chewing articles (for example Che~guard ) contain from 125-650 ppm. The uide range o~ application rates indicates that different varieties of dogs are more easily repelled than others. Therefore, in a rodenticide bait containing sufficient Bierex to ensure deterrence of a dog it is probable that the rodent will also be deterred to a certain extent.
It is also known to package bai~ compositions e.g. whole grains, wax blocks etc, in dosage bags or place-pac~s. Such packages are useful for * indicates a registered trade~ark 2113 ~131 2 - PCT/GB92/01158 preventing contamination of the operator, for placing a pre-measured dos~
of the rodenticide or for throwing into a place frequented by rodents which is difficult to access by the operator.
The problem is ~o present sufficient bittering agent or repellent in a bait package containing rodentiride to ensure repellence of non-target animals without affecting the palatability of the bait to the rodent.
Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a rodent bait package comprising a quantity of a rodenticide bait composition contained in a package, characterised in that, the package is made of a material which has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and~or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-target species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition wi~hout deterring the target rodent species.
Rodent species are sensitive to certain materials in baits and are sensitive to the bittering agents which are commonly added to rodenticide baits. It has now been found to be possible to separate the material to which the rodcnt is sensitive from the bait to which it is attracted with the consequence that there is less chance of the rodent being deeerred from eating the bait.
It is a feature of rodent species that they are able to separate out the mechanisms of gnawing and tasting. This is because in the mouth of the rodent there is a large gap between ehe gnawing (incisor) and chewing ~molar) teeth, called the diastema. Uhen gna~ing, rodents habitually separate with their cheeks, their incisor teeth fro~ the taste receptors on their tongues, making use of the diastema between their incisor and molar teeth. Therefore, rodents are able to gnaw through articles uhich are extremely unpalatable to them in order to reach food mat~rials which are palatable. Therefore, in the present invention, the bittering agent which the rodents find unpalatable has been placed in and/or on a packaging material surrounding the bait, so that in use, the rodent gnaws through the packaging material ~ithout tasting the bitter agent and obtains access to the palatable rodenticide bait uhich it consumes by chewing. This ability means that a greater level of bittering agent or repellant can be used in or on the packaging material than uas previously used in the rodenticide bait composition.
Other vulnerable non-~arget species, for example, companion animals and non-rodent wildlife, do not have this ability and are deterred by taking the package into their mouths.
r~ u l i 5 ~ -211~31 7 ~
- ,.
This invention is suitable for use with any rodenticide. In particular the following anticoagulant rodenticides are mentioned, for example, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, difethialone, warfarin, coumachlor, - -coumafuryl, pindone, valone, coumatetralyl. This invention could also be used with acute poisons, for example, bromethalin, flupropadine, zinc phosphide, calciferol, cholecalciferol, antu (alpha-napthylthio-urea), alpha-chloralose9 crimidine, fluoro-acetamide, sodium fluoroacetate, --`~
norbormide, scillirocide, strychnine and thallium sulphate. ~
The bait compositions can be any of the conventionally used - ~-compositions provided the packaging material is suitable for that composition for example, meals or flours, whole or broken cereal grains, granules, pellets, briquettes, tablets, wax blocks and wax pellets, pastes, ~-gels, greases and liquid formulations. If the rodenticide is formulated as a meal or flour, the packaging is suitably of a material which does not fragment as this may leave particles of bitter agent in the bait. A liquid formulation must obviously be packaged in a liquid tighe package.
The amount of rodenticide in the baie composition is the conventional amouht which varies according to the type of rodenticide~ Typically, this is 5ppm to lOOppm of an anticoagulant bait. The bait composition itself ~-~
may contain a bittering agent at a level palatable to rodents. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention there is provided, a rodent bait package as defined herein in which bittering agent or repellent is also incorporated in the rodenticide bait.
Suitable ma~erials for packaging include conventional packaging materials for foodstuffs, such as plastics, fabrics, laminates and paper such as those used for packaging bread or tea (i.e. tea-bags). For example, wool, linen, cotton, cardboard, polythene, cellulose film, metal foils and laminates of two or more of these materials. The material may be vapour permeable. The choice of material is important since once packed the bait may ha~e a shelf life of up to 2-3 years and the bait held within should not become contaminated during this time with the bittering~
repellent agent.
Bxamples of suitable substances as bittering agents are, for example, denatonium benzoate (Bltrex), denatoniu~ saccharide (Vilex~, bitter apple extracts, quinine, quinone~ and phenols, quassin, brucine, bitter aloes and sucrose octaacetate. Bittering agents ~ay be naturally occurring or synthetic.
Llt~ Kinndom p~,fqnt O,f;fic~ ~ SJ~sTlTuTE SHEET
2113~31 PCTl6B~ 2~/01 158~
Examples of suieable substances as repellents are 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, amyl acetate, cinnamide or an alkoxylated derivative thereof such as those disclosed in EP-A-373909 and alkyl isothiocyanate.
The amount of bittering agent or repellent in the package required to achie~e the effect is from 100 to lOOOppm, more particularly from 200 to 800ppm, especially 300 to 700ppm. Wherever bittering agent is referred to in this specification it is ~o be understood to include repellent.
In addition to the bittering agent other additives may also be used in the packaging. For example, emetics such as triazolopyrimidines, ipecacuanha, and sodium tripolyphosphate; st~nching agents such as ethyl mercaptan, aversive agents, for example, bird aversive agents such as the dyes, natural gentian extract, cochineal, madder and cinnamide derivatives as disclosed in EP-A 321208.
The packaging may be prepared by any of the conventional packaging techniques in rodenticide bait technology or in foodstuff technology. The bait composi~ions are prepared in the conventional manner. The packaging material may have the bittering agent added during manufacture or the material may be impregnated using a solvent carrier. In these cases the bittering agent is integral with the packaging material. Alternatively, the packaging material may be dipped in or sprayed with the bittering agent so that the packaging material has the bittering agent on one or both sides. In a further alternative the packaging material may be printed with an ink containing bittering agent, for example Bitrex.
The packaging material enclosing the bait composition may be in the form of, for example, an envelope, sachet, box, capsule, tu~e, bag9 blister ~ack, carton or pouch. The package usually contains between lg and lOOOg of rodènticide bai~ composition, typically from 5g to 500g.
The rodent bait package may be used against a wide range of rodents pests, including the following commensal species, Rattus species, particularly Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), Rattus ~attus (Brown rat~
Rattus ar~entiventer (Cotton rat~; Hus species, particularly Mus musculus (House mouse); as well as non-commensal species which occur particu}arly as pests of agricultural crops or stored produce in various parts of the world, such as for example voles of the family Cricetidae including Microtus spp. such as H. agrestis, and Ari~icola spp. such as A.
terrestris, rats and mice of the family Huridae~ including Apodemus spp.
such as A. sylvaticus, Acomys caharinus, odon spp., Arvicanthis nilotica, Holochilus braziliensis, ~astomys natalensi~, Mus boodu~a, Mus platythrix, ~_ Uni'3d )~,z,~ m P~tent Offlce ~, ~ SUBSTITUTE SH~Er W O 93/01712 2113 4 31 PCT/GB92/01158 `
_ 5 _ . ~
Neotoma spp., Peromyscus spp., Rattus exulans, Rattus meltada. Rattu~
tiomanicus, Sigmodon hispidus and other rodents such as Nesokia indica, Tatera indica, Spermophilus spp., Meriones spp., Eutamias spp., Citellus spp., Bandicota spp., Cricetus cricetus, Ondatra zibetheca, and Myocas~or coypus, although this is not intended to be an exhaustive list.
In use, one or more of the rodent bait packages are placed at a locus -`
frequented by rodents. The rodent gnaws through the package to the rodenticide bait composition un-det~rred by the bittering agent or repellent, whereas non-rodent species are deterred from touching or consumin~ the package by the bittering a~ent or repellant, and thereby deterred from consuming the rodenticide bait composition. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preventing ~`
consumption of a rodenticide bait composition by non-target species comprising supplying a rodent bait package containing a quantity of rodenticide bait composition to a locus frequented by rodents characterised in that the parkage is made of a material uhich has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and~or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or ;
repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-targe~ ~
species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition without deterring -the targee rodent species. -~-The invention is illustrated by reference to, but is not limited by, the followi.lg examples which demonstrate rodent bait packages containing rodenticide bait compositions and that rodents are not deterred by high levels of bittering agents or repellent when presented according to the present invention. The skilled operator will appreciate that any of the rodenticides specified herein could be used in the following examples.
This Example illustrates rodenticidal compositions according to the invention.
A. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005Z wJu (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Klerat pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper dipped in Bitrex at 600ppm.
B. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.0025X w/w (i.e. 25ppm) formulated as Klerat pellets.
30g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated in Bitrex at 600ppm.
C. Rodenticide bai~ con~aining difenacoum at 0.005X wJw ti.e. 50ppm) formulated as Ratak pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper dipped in Bitrex at 500ppm.
D. Rodenticide bait containing difenacoum at 0.0025X w~w (i.e. 25ppm) formulated as Klera~ pellets.
40g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of papeE
dipped in Bitrex at 700ppm.
E. Rodenticide bait containing flocumafen at 0.005% w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Storm wax briquette.
20g of rodenticide wax briquette contained in a carton made of cardboard printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
F. Rodenticide bait containing flocumafen at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as Storm pellets.
25g of rodenticide pellets contained in a sachet made of paperJplastic laminate printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
G. Rodenticide bait containing difethialone at 0.005X wJu (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as conventional cereal based pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
H. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.001~ w/w (i.e. lOppm) formulated as wax pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of paper impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
I. Rodenticide bait coneaining brodifacoum at 0.005X ~tw (i.e. 50ppm) formulated in a conventional broken grain formulation.
20g of rodenticide broken grain formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm. ;--J. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formulated in a conventional ~hole grain formulation.
20g of rodenticide whole grain formulation contained in a sachet made -of paper/plastic laminate, printed uith Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
K. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. SOppm) formulated as Klerat wax pellets.
20g of rodenticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of metal foil paper sprayed with Bitrex at 8QOppm.
L. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005X w/w (i.e. 50ppm) formula~ed as Klerat uax block.
250g of rodenticide vax block contained in a carton made of plastic ~ - .- , , .. ~ , .. . .. .
` W 0 ~3/01712 2 1 1 3 Ll 3 1 PCT/GB92/01158 .
impregnated with Bitrex at 650ppm.
M. Rodenticide bait con~aining brodifacoum at O.OO5ZwJw (i.e. 50ppm) formulated as a tracking powder. -20g of r~denticide bait pellets contained in a sachet made of polythene impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
N. Rodenticide bait containing warfarin at 0.025X w/w (i.e. 250ppm~
formulated in a conventional broken grain formulation.
50g of rodenticide broken grain.formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, printed with Bitrex ink at 600ppm.
O. Rodenticide bait containing brodifacoum at 0.005~ w/w ~i.e. 50ppm) formulaeed in a gel formulation.
25g of rodenticide gel formulation contained in a sachet made of paper/plastic laminate, impregnated with Bitrex at 600ppm.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the acceptance by rodents of Bitrex treated rodenticide bait packages. The packages uere made of a paper/plastic laminate with the paper forming the external ~-component of the laminate. The packages were diped in a solution of 650pp~
Bitrex until the paper ~as visibly saturated.
Two groups of rats (CD Norway Rat) and t~o groups of house mice (Mus musculus-Swiss) were used in this experiment. Each group cDntained five `-male and five female rodents. One group of each of the rats and mice ~ere given rodenticide bait packages containing "Klerat" pellets with Bitrex impregnated into the external layer of the package. The remaining two groups were given untreated rodenticide bait packages. The packages were given to each group sver a period of 3 days. Results are given in Table 1.
Table 1 ¦ ¦ Z Acceptance ¦ Confidence limit . .
. , .~
S~iss House mouse p=O.1 I P30.05 ~ :
l l I
With Bitrex 29.3 i 6-915 ¦ 9.165 NQ Bitrex 26.1 ¦ 4.564 ¦ 6.049 I
¦ CD Noruay Rat ¦ i i ¦ With Bitrex 1 43.3 1 5.394 ¦ 7-149 ¦ NO Bitrex ¦ 34.0 ¦ 8.575 ¦ 11.365 W 0 93/01712 ~113 ~ 8 - PCT/GB92/01158 There was no significant difference betueen the acceptanc~ of the Klerat rodenticide bait in the bait bags uith or uithout Bitrex incorporated in the bag for either the mouse or rat. These.results demonstrate that rodents are not significantly deterred from eating the bait containPd in ehe packages of the present invention by high levels of bittering agent (i.e. grea~er than 300 ppm) on or in the packaging material. ~-
Claims (9)
1. A rodent bait package comprising a quantity of a rodenticide bait composition contained in a package characterised in that the package is made of a material which has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and/or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-target species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition without deterring the target rodent species.
2. A rodent bait package according to claim 1 wherein the rodenticide bait contains an active ingredient selected from the group of brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, chlorophacinone, diphacinone, difethialone, warfarin, coumachlor, coumafuryl, pindone, valone, coumatetralyl, bromethalin, flupropadine, zinc phosphide, calciferol, cholecalciferol, antu (alpha-napthylthio-urea), alpha-chloralose, crimidine, fluoro-acetamide, sodium fluoroacetate, norbormide, scillirocide, strychnine and thallium sulphate.
3. A rodent bait package according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the bittering agent is selected from the group of denatonium benzoate, denatonium saccharide, bitter apple extracts, quinine, quinones, phenols, quassin, brucine, bitter aloes and sucrose octaacetate.
4. A rodent bait package according to any of the preceding claims wherein the repellant is 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, amyl acetate, cinnamide or an alkoxylated derivative thereof, or alkyl isothiocyanate.
5. A rodent bait package according to any of the preceding claims wherein the amount of bittering agent or repellent in and/or on the package material is from 100 to 1000ppm.
6. A rodent bait package according to any of the preceding claims wherein the package material is also provided with an emetic and/or a stenching agent and/or an aversive agent.
7. A rodent bait package according to any of the preceding claims wherein bittering agent or repellent is also incorporated in the rodenticide bait.
8. A rodent bait package according to any of the preceding claims wherein the packaging material is formed of one or a combination of more than one of the materials selected from plastics, fabrics, laminates, paper, wool, linen, cotton, cardboard, polythene, cellulose film, metal foils and paper/plastic laminates.
9. A method of preventing consumption of a rodenticide bait composition by non-target species comprising supplying a rodent bait package containing a quantity of rodenticide bait composition to a locus frequented by rodents characterised in that the package is made of a material which has a bittering agent or repellent incorporated and/or has a surface layer of a bittering agent or repellent, whereby the bittering agent or repellent deters non-target species from consuming the rodenticide bait composition without deterring the target rodent species.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB919115324A GB9115324D0 (en) | 1991-07-16 | 1991-07-16 | Rodenticide bait package |
| GB9115324.7 | 1991-07-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2113431A1 true CA2113431A1 (en) | 1993-02-04 |
Family
ID=10698430
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2113431 Abandoned CA2113431A1 (en) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-06-26 | Rodent bait package |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0594653A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU651907B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9206275A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2113431A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ9194A3 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB9115324D0 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUT69647A (en) |
| MY (1) | MY131274A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ243402A (en) |
| SK (1) | SK5094A3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993001712A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5798091A (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1998-08-25 | Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. | Stabilized gas emulsion containing phospholipid for ultrasound contrast enhancement |
| JP3559849B2 (en) | 1993-07-30 | 2004-09-02 | アイエムシーオーアール ファーマシューティカル カンパニー | Stabilized microbubble compositions for ultrasonic technology |
| US5540909A (en) * | 1994-09-28 | 1996-07-30 | Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. | Harmonic ultrasound imaging with microbubbles |
| DE4434839A1 (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1996-04-04 | Bayer Ag | Rodenticide bait systems |
| GB9725219D0 (en) * | 1997-11-29 | 1998-01-28 | Cleansharp Ltd | Tablets |
| FR2772556B1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 2000-02-25 | Al Tech | REPELLENT GRANULE FOR ANIMALS AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF |
| ATE327673T1 (en) * | 2001-08-23 | 2006-06-15 | Bayer Cropscience Sa | SUBSTITUTED PROPARGYLAMINES |
| RU2289925C1 (en) * | 2006-02-26 | 2006-12-27 | Алексей Юрьевич Похолков | Rodenticide agent |
| ITMI20080142A1 (en) * | 2008-01-30 | 2009-07-31 | Zapi Ind Chimiche S P A | RENTENTICIDAL PREPARATION AT LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT |
| CN100577008C (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-01-06 | 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Rodenticide |
| KR20120102107A (en) | 2009-12-11 | 2012-09-17 | 바스프 에스이 | Rodent bait packed in a biodegradable foil |
| CN103355283A (en) * | 2013-07-25 | 2013-10-23 | 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Method for efficiently and safely putting in deratting poison baits |
| US9930880B2 (en) * | 2014-04-16 | 2018-04-03 | Bell Laboratories, Inc. | Bait station with package retention |
| FR3022109B1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2017-10-20 | Liphatech Inc | COMPOSITION COMPRISING DIFENACOUM, RODONTICIDE APPAT AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING HARMFUL TARGET RODENTS |
| GB2605127A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2022-09-28 | Falcon Life Sciences Ltd | Bait for a pest |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR992824A (en) * | 1949-05-31 | 1951-10-23 | Rodent bait | |
| US2957804A (en) * | 1958-06-06 | 1960-10-25 | Harlan R Shuyler | Pesticide |
| US4555015A (en) * | 1983-04-14 | 1985-11-26 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Animal repellent bag package and method of preparing the same |
| GB2213724A (en) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-08-23 | Peter John Long | Repellent |
-
1991
- 1991-07-16 GB GB919115324A patent/GB9115324D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-06-23 GB GB929213277A patent/GB9213277D0/en active Pending
- 1992-06-26 BR BR9206275A patent/BR9206275A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-06-26 AU AU21954/92A patent/AU651907B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-06-26 HU HU9400098A patent/HUT69647A/en unknown
- 1992-06-26 WO PCT/GB1992/001158 patent/WO1993001712A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-06-26 CZ CS9491A patent/CZ9194A3/en unknown
- 1992-06-26 SK SK50-94A patent/SK5094A3/en unknown
- 1992-06-26 CA CA 2113431 patent/CA2113431A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-06-26 EP EP92913727A patent/EP0594653A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-07-01 NZ NZ24340292A patent/NZ243402A/en unknown
- 1992-07-13 MY MYPI9201201 patent/MY131274A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ243402A (en) | 1994-06-27 |
| SK5094A3 (en) | 1994-06-08 |
| CZ9194A3 (en) | 1994-07-13 |
| BR9206275A (en) | 1995-11-21 |
| EP0594653A1 (en) | 1994-05-04 |
| GB9115324D0 (en) | 1991-08-28 |
| HU9400098D0 (en) | 1994-05-30 |
| AU2195492A (en) | 1993-02-23 |
| MY131274A (en) | 2007-07-31 |
| GB9213277D0 (en) | 1992-08-05 |
| WO1993001712A1 (en) | 1993-02-04 |
| HUT69647A (en) | 1995-09-28 |
| AU651907B2 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
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