CA2066850A1 - Low energy fuse - Google Patents
Low energy fuseInfo
- Publication number
- CA2066850A1 CA2066850A1 CA002066850A CA2066850A CA2066850A1 CA 2066850 A1 CA2066850 A1 CA 2066850A1 CA 002066850 A CA002066850 A CA 002066850A CA 2066850 A CA2066850 A CA 2066850A CA 2066850 A1 CA2066850 A1 CA 2066850A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- low energy
- shellac
- tubing
- plastics tubing
- fuse
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920001800 Shellac Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004208 shellac Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229940113147 shellac Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000013874 shellac Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 8
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004200 deflagration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001516928 Kerria lacca Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920003182 Surlyn® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical class [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004622 sleep time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007601 warm air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
- C06C5/00—Fuses, e.g. fuse cords
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract Low Energy Fuse A non-electric low energy fuse comprises plastics tubing 1 having a core loading 2 of mixed particles which are reactive or detonable to provide for signal transmission wherein the plastics tubing has a shellac resin as an outer skin 3 to thereby enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
Description
N 36312 2 ~ 0 LOW ENERGY FUSE
This invention relates to non-electric low-energy fuses, that is to say, transmission devices in the form of elongate plastics tubing housing reactive or detonable particulate substances at a core loading sufficiently low for there to be no cross-initiation of a similar tube placed alongside (or lateral direct initiation of a surrounding commercial emulsion blasting explosive) when such a device i9 fired. Ordinarily the core material detonates but in some types rapid deflagration or pyrotechnic reaction suffices as when the tubing is con~ected to a detonator within which a deflagration to detonation transaction occurs. The signal transmission tubing is itself initiated by an electric cap, a non-electric detonator, an electric di~charge device or indeed by any other means capable of initiating the required self-sustaining reaction or detonation of the core material. A favoured type of low energy fuse is the so-called shock tube or signal tube as described in, and cross-referenced in, ~uropean Patent Specification No 327219 (ICI). Another distinct class of low-energy fuse is that described in US Patent Specification No 4290366 (Atlas Powder Company). The contents of these prior Specifications and their references are incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety.
The mining, quarrying and construction industries are the principal users of commercial explosives and accessories and are continually extending the frontiers of their operations into new situations that challenge 2 2~8~0 the ~eliability of current accessories. Of present relevance is the trend towards increasing use of emulsion explosives and AN~0 and heavy ANF0 blasting agents, the deployment of non-electric low-energy fuse initiation do~n-hole as well as on the surface as inter-hole link-ups, coupled with long sleep times (that is the periods of time when the fuse i8 in contact with the explosive before firing). Commonly the hydrocarbon fuel phase of such explosives is an oil or a petroleum fraction such as diesel, and invariably the plastics from which transmission tubes have been formed have been wholly or mainly of polyethylene (e.g. LLDPE) or a related (co)polymer in which the back-bone chain is a polyethylene and the chain carries side substituents which may be hydrocarbyl or functlonal groups such as carboxyl and its salt and ester derivatives (e.g.
'Surlyns'). All such polymers are prone to ingress of hydrocarbons of the explosive's fuel oil phase when in prolonged contact therewith. This is 80 to a greater or lesser extent depending upon the nature of those hydrocarbons, the chemical and physical structure of the polymer of the transmission tubing, and the temperature of the fuel phase (as when an emulsion explosive is loaded hot). Even surface transmission tubing may be in prolonged contact with oil where there is spillage of emulsion explosive or engine oils, and this too may become hot in many of the inhospitable environments in which blasting operations take place.
20~8~0 The Applicants have contrived mis-fires of non-electric transmission devices of the types above-described attributable to penetration of deleterious amounts of hydrocarbons into the interior core of the transmission tubing after prolonged contact.
This invention provides a plastics transmission tubing for a low-energy fuse of which the plastic is wholly or predominantly a polyolefine or derivitised polyolefine of the kinds hereinbefore described or another oil absorbing plastics material e.g a condensation polymer such as polyamide or polyester, and which contains in its central core a detonable or reactive signal transmitting particulate substance (such as loose/ consolidated, bound and/or thread/filament carried material) characterised in that the oil permeable plaRtic tubing i8 coated with a skin of shellac resin as a barrier to penetration of hydrocarbon fuels of the kinds used as the components of emulsion explosives.
Preferably ~uch a low energy fuse would be formed from an extrudable blend of about 80~ linear low density polyethylene, about 10~ ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and about 10~ ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer into a tube in which there is provided a core loading of from 15 to 25 mgm~l, more preferably about 20 mgm~l of a reactive/detonable mixture comprising HMX explosive and aluminium particles, and having an outer skin of de-waxed shellac resin to enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
Shellac i8 the only known commercial resin of animal origin (in fact from the insect Kerria lacca). The 4 2 ~ 5 ~
forms, components (so far as known) and properties of shellac are described in Kirk Othmer 3rd Edition, Volume 20 at pages 737 to 747; this disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
Shellac resin may be the sole resin component of the barrier skin (applied, say, as a concentrated solution of a de-waxed shellac in, for example, alcohol). However the presence of other resins or polymers, either as mixtures with shellac resin or coupled to the shellac resin species by chemical "cross-linking" is allowed especially when adequate barrier properties are retained with enhancement in skin adherence, toughness, or abrasion resistance. The Kirk Othmer article contains references to chemically modified shellac resins.
Barrier skin~ ba~ed on, containing or derived from de-waxed shellac re~in are preferred.
Adherence of the shellac resin skin to the underlying tube surface may be enhanced by chemical, thermal, flame or plasma treatment~ of the tube surface or by application of a suitable priming coating or a combination of pre-treatment and priming coating.
Applicant has found that chromic acid cleaning of shock tube formed with a polyethylene based tubing of the kind exemplified in EP-A-327 219 followed by rinsing, drying, appllcation of a de-waxed shellac resin coating and a final warm air drying to remove alcohol solvent resulted in ~he shock tube still reliably firing after immersion in hot (50C) emulsion fuel phase (Shell RTM Derv fuel oil) after more than 300 hours, very much longer than was 2~6fi8~0 the case with unprotected shock tube from the same stock. Of course, one may optionally overcoat the she:Llac-protected tube to provide further protection aga:inst abrasion and de-lamination etc.
In the attached single figure a transverse section through a non-electric low energy fuse of the invention shows a plastics tubing 1 carrying a thinly distributed inner deposit of reactive or energetic material and an outer coating 3 of shellac resin.
The invention also extends to low-energy fuse assemblies comprising delay elements and/or detonators connected to one or both ends of the transmission tubing as aforesaid.
This invention relates to non-electric low-energy fuses, that is to say, transmission devices in the form of elongate plastics tubing housing reactive or detonable particulate substances at a core loading sufficiently low for there to be no cross-initiation of a similar tube placed alongside (or lateral direct initiation of a surrounding commercial emulsion blasting explosive) when such a device i9 fired. Ordinarily the core material detonates but in some types rapid deflagration or pyrotechnic reaction suffices as when the tubing is con~ected to a detonator within which a deflagration to detonation transaction occurs. The signal transmission tubing is itself initiated by an electric cap, a non-electric detonator, an electric di~charge device or indeed by any other means capable of initiating the required self-sustaining reaction or detonation of the core material. A favoured type of low energy fuse is the so-called shock tube or signal tube as described in, and cross-referenced in, ~uropean Patent Specification No 327219 (ICI). Another distinct class of low-energy fuse is that described in US Patent Specification No 4290366 (Atlas Powder Company). The contents of these prior Specifications and their references are incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety.
The mining, quarrying and construction industries are the principal users of commercial explosives and accessories and are continually extending the frontiers of their operations into new situations that challenge 2 2~8~0 the ~eliability of current accessories. Of present relevance is the trend towards increasing use of emulsion explosives and AN~0 and heavy ANF0 blasting agents, the deployment of non-electric low-energy fuse initiation do~n-hole as well as on the surface as inter-hole link-ups, coupled with long sleep times (that is the periods of time when the fuse i8 in contact with the explosive before firing). Commonly the hydrocarbon fuel phase of such explosives is an oil or a petroleum fraction such as diesel, and invariably the plastics from which transmission tubes have been formed have been wholly or mainly of polyethylene (e.g. LLDPE) or a related (co)polymer in which the back-bone chain is a polyethylene and the chain carries side substituents which may be hydrocarbyl or functlonal groups such as carboxyl and its salt and ester derivatives (e.g.
'Surlyns'). All such polymers are prone to ingress of hydrocarbons of the explosive's fuel oil phase when in prolonged contact therewith. This is 80 to a greater or lesser extent depending upon the nature of those hydrocarbons, the chemical and physical structure of the polymer of the transmission tubing, and the temperature of the fuel phase (as when an emulsion explosive is loaded hot). Even surface transmission tubing may be in prolonged contact with oil where there is spillage of emulsion explosive or engine oils, and this too may become hot in many of the inhospitable environments in which blasting operations take place.
20~8~0 The Applicants have contrived mis-fires of non-electric transmission devices of the types above-described attributable to penetration of deleterious amounts of hydrocarbons into the interior core of the transmission tubing after prolonged contact.
This invention provides a plastics transmission tubing for a low-energy fuse of which the plastic is wholly or predominantly a polyolefine or derivitised polyolefine of the kinds hereinbefore described or another oil absorbing plastics material e.g a condensation polymer such as polyamide or polyester, and which contains in its central core a detonable or reactive signal transmitting particulate substance (such as loose/ consolidated, bound and/or thread/filament carried material) characterised in that the oil permeable plaRtic tubing i8 coated with a skin of shellac resin as a barrier to penetration of hydrocarbon fuels of the kinds used as the components of emulsion explosives.
Preferably ~uch a low energy fuse would be formed from an extrudable blend of about 80~ linear low density polyethylene, about 10~ ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and about 10~ ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer into a tube in which there is provided a core loading of from 15 to 25 mgm~l, more preferably about 20 mgm~l of a reactive/detonable mixture comprising HMX explosive and aluminium particles, and having an outer skin of de-waxed shellac resin to enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
Shellac i8 the only known commercial resin of animal origin (in fact from the insect Kerria lacca). The 4 2 ~ 5 ~
forms, components (so far as known) and properties of shellac are described in Kirk Othmer 3rd Edition, Volume 20 at pages 737 to 747; this disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
Shellac resin may be the sole resin component of the barrier skin (applied, say, as a concentrated solution of a de-waxed shellac in, for example, alcohol). However the presence of other resins or polymers, either as mixtures with shellac resin or coupled to the shellac resin species by chemical "cross-linking" is allowed especially when adequate barrier properties are retained with enhancement in skin adherence, toughness, or abrasion resistance. The Kirk Othmer article contains references to chemically modified shellac resins.
Barrier skin~ ba~ed on, containing or derived from de-waxed shellac re~in are preferred.
Adherence of the shellac resin skin to the underlying tube surface may be enhanced by chemical, thermal, flame or plasma treatment~ of the tube surface or by application of a suitable priming coating or a combination of pre-treatment and priming coating.
Applicant has found that chromic acid cleaning of shock tube formed with a polyethylene based tubing of the kind exemplified in EP-A-327 219 followed by rinsing, drying, appllcation of a de-waxed shellac resin coating and a final warm air drying to remove alcohol solvent resulted in ~he shock tube still reliably firing after immersion in hot (50C) emulsion fuel phase (Shell RTM Derv fuel oil) after more than 300 hours, very much longer than was 2~6fi8~0 the case with unprotected shock tube from the same stock. Of course, one may optionally overcoat the she:Llac-protected tube to provide further protection aga:inst abrasion and de-lamination etc.
In the attached single figure a transverse section through a non-electric low energy fuse of the invention shows a plastics tubing 1 carrying a thinly distributed inner deposit of reactive or energetic material and an outer coating 3 of shellac resin.
The invention also extends to low-energy fuse assemblies comprising delay elements and/or detonators connected to one or both ends of the transmission tubing as aforesaid.
Claims (18)
1. A non-electric low energy fuse formed from plastics tubing having a core loading of mixed particles which are reactive or detonable to provide for signal transmission wherein the plastics tubing has a outer skin of a shellac resin to enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
2. A non-electric low energy fuse according to claim 1 wherein the plastics tubing is extruded from a condensation polymer or copolymer.
3. A non-electric low energy fuse according to claim 2 wherein the condensation polymer or copolymer comprises polyamide or polyester.
4, A non-electric low energy fuse according to claim 1 wherein the plastics tubing is extruded from an addition polymer or copolymer.
5. A non-electric low energy fuse according to claim 4 wherein the addition polymer or copolymer comprises polyolefin(s) or derivatives thereof.
6. A non-electric low energy fuse according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the shellac resin is selected from de-waxed shellac, mixtures of shellac resin with other resins or polymers, shellac resin chemically linked with other resins or polymers and chemically modified shellac resins.
7 7. A non-electric low energy fuse according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein a compatible adhesion promoter is present between the shellac skin and the plastics tubing.
8. A non-electric low energy fuse according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the core loading comprises particles provided in the tubing as loose, consolidated, bound or thread/filament carried material.
9. A non-electric low energy fuse according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein a core loading of from 15 to 25 mgm-1 is provided in the tubing.
10. A non-electric low energy fuse formed from an extrudable blend of 80% linear low density polyethylene, abut 10% ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and 10% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer into a tube in which there is provided a core loading of about 20 mg/m of a reactive/detonable mixture comprising HMX explosive and aluminium particles, and having an outer skin of shellac to enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
11. A non-electric low energy fuse substantially as hereinbefore described.
12. A method of manufacturing a signal transmission tubing for use as a low energy fuse, the method comprising extruding a plastics tubing from a melt and applying an outer skin of a shellac resin thereto to enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
13. A method according to claim 12 wherein the plastics tubing is heat treated prior to application of the shellac.
14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the plastics tubing is heated to at least 120°C or the softening point of the plastics tubing.
15. A method according to claim 12 wherein the plastics tubing has the exterior surface thereof chemically treated prior to application of the shellac.
16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the plastics tubing has the exterior surface thereof treated with chromic acid.
17. A method according to claim 12 wherein the plastics tubing has a compatible adhesion promoter applied to the exterior surface thereof prior to application of the shellac.
18. A method of extending the operational life of a signal transmission tubing for use as a low energy fuse in contact with hot fuel oil, the method comprising forming a plastics tubing having a core loading of a reactive particulate substance for use in signal transmission and applying a shellac resin as an outer skin to thereby enhance the oil resistance of the fuse.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB919108753A GB9108753D0 (en) | 1991-04-24 | 1991-04-24 | Low energy fuse |
| GB9108753.6 | 1991-04-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2066850A1 true CA2066850A1 (en) | 1992-10-25 |
Family
ID=10693833
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002066850A Abandoned CA2066850A1 (en) | 1991-04-24 | 1992-04-22 | Low energy fuse |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU649324B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2066850A1 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB9108753D0 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA922909B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5327835A (en) * | 1993-07-01 | 1994-07-12 | The Ensign-Bickford Company | Detonation device including coupling means |
| US5417162A (en) * | 1993-07-01 | 1995-05-23 | The Ensign-Bickford Company | Detonation coupling device |
| US5827994A (en) * | 1996-07-11 | 1998-10-27 | The Ensign-Bickford Company | Fissile shock tube and method of making the same |
| US7748953B2 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-07-06 | General Electric Company | Apparatus and system having an over temperature fuse in a signal tube for a gas turbine engine |
| CN109293459B (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-12-29 | 山西北化关铝化工有限公司 | Explosive for detonator assembly and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9017715D0 (en) * | 1990-08-13 | 1990-09-26 | Ici Plc | Low energy fuse |
| GB9017717D0 (en) * | 1990-08-13 | 1990-09-26 | Ici Plc | Low energy fuse |
-
1991
- 1991-04-24 GB GB919108753A patent/GB9108753D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-04-16 GB GB9208392A patent/GB2255160B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-04-22 ZA ZA922909A patent/ZA922909B/en unknown
- 1992-04-22 CA CA002066850A patent/CA2066850A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-04-23 AU AU15103/92A patent/AU649324B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2255160A (en) | 1992-10-28 |
| AU649324B2 (en) | 1994-05-19 |
| GB9208392D0 (en) | 1992-06-03 |
| GB2255160B (en) | 1994-04-06 |
| AU1510392A (en) | 1992-10-29 |
| ZA922909B (en) | 1993-01-27 |
| GB9108753D0 (en) | 1991-06-12 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |