CA1258765A - Apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereon - Google Patents
Apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereonInfo
- Publication number
- CA1258765A CA1258765A CA000496567A CA496567A CA1258765A CA 1258765 A CA1258765 A CA 1258765A CA 000496567 A CA000496567 A CA 000496567A CA 496567 A CA496567 A CA 496567A CA 1258765 A CA1258765 A CA 1258765A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- indicator
- information
- inclination
- vehicle
- velocity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract An apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface comprises a lateral inclination indicator (5) arranged on a vehicle (1). A second indi-cator (6) delivers information corresponding to the velocity of the vehicle. There are means (6, 7, 8) for delivering information corresponding to the velo-city difference between the two laterally displaced wheels. A device (9) is adapted to, on basis of infor-mation from the second indicator (6) and said means (6, 7, 8) and information concerning the lateral dis-placement between the wheels, cause a correction, which corresponds to faults of information from the inclination indicator (5) resulting in consequence of laterally directed forces in curves, and by means of this cor-rection and the information from the inclination indi-cator deliver an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination.
Description
~2S~765 Apparatus ~or measuring the lateral inclin~tion of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereon FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART
The invention relates to measuring of the inclination of a supporting surface. In the first place it concerns supporting surfaces in the form of roads or similar foundation surfaces, It is very important for the traffic security that the inclination values fixed by the road constructor really are observed at the building of the road~ The lateral inclination, i.e. camber and slope, is of special importance, At an incorrect camber the risk of water accumulations on the road surface and therethrough aqua planning appears.At incorrec~ slope the driver can be surprised in a curve and loose ~he control over his vehicle. According to the prior art control measu-ring of the road inclination is carried out in manual manner, wherein the measuring crew move along the road and carry out measurings at certain points. Such a procedure is very expensive ac a consequence of the enormous time consumption.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of an aspect of the present invention to provide apparatus by means of which inclination measuring can be carried out rapidly and rationally by a vehicle .
' ~ . : . . .
. .
.
~2S~76~
drivable on the road or the supporting surface in ques-tion and Inder maintenance of a very good accuracy o~ measurement.
This object is obtained through an apparatus, the exact features of which appear from the appended claims.
Since the apparatus according to the inventi~n is designed so as to compensate the inclination information in consequence of incorrect indications coming from the inertia forces influencing the inclination indi-cator in question during the changing of the driving direction of the vehicle, this can be moved ~ast along the supporting surface during the measurement. On roads it is possible to carry out the measuring during ordi-nary traffic conditions, since the ~iehicle can be driven with any speed desired during the measuring.
According to the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface, on which a vehicle with at least two laterally displaced wheels or the like are drivable, comprising a first indicator for delivering of information concerning said inclination, at least one wheel of the vehicle being associated with a second indicator for delivering information corresponding to the velocity of said wheel, means for delivering information corresponding to the velocity difference between said two laterally displaced wheels, and a device ~or receiving said information from the second indicator and said means, said device being responsive to receiving said information and to further information concerning the lateral displacement between the wheeIs for correcting faults of information from the . ~ :
.. . .
' ' , .
' ' 1 2$~7f~5 inclination indicator resulting from laterally directed forces exerted on said vehicle when travelling around curves, and by means o~ this correction and information from the inclination indicator delivering an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
With reference to the appended drawings below follows a specific description of an embodiment of the invention described as an example.
In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a schematic view illustrating the apparatus according to the invention, fig 2 is a view illustrating the measuring vehicle from above during its movement through a curve and fig 3 is a schematic view of the apparatus provided with means for indicating the longitudinal inclination of the vehicle.
'~ ' .
- ~ ' . - ', . , "
, :' : ' 3L2S1~7~o ~
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In fig 1 a measuring vehicle 1 is illustrated during its movement on an inclined supporting surface 2, e.g.
a road. The inclination angle is indicated by C~ .
The normal driving direction of the vehicle is perpen-dicular to the drawing plane. The vehicle has at least two wheels 3, 4 laterally displaced with respect to each other. On the vehicle an indicator 5 is adapted to delivering of information concerning the inclination angle ~ of the vehicle in the lateral direction of the vehicle. Thus in driving the vehicle in the longi-tudinal direction of a road the indicator 5 will deli-ver information concerning the inclination in a lateral direction of the road. The indicator 5 can consist of a pendulum indicator.
At least one wheel of the vehicle is associated with a second indicator 6 or 7 for delivering of information corresponding to the velocity of this wheel. The appa-ratus so far as described until now could be used for lateral inclination measuring if the indicator 5 and the indicator 6 or 7 is connected to a recording means for recording the relationship lateral inclination/
driving~distance. The recording means may be a writer, for which a paper feed would be syncronized with the indicator 6 or 7, so that the paper feed consequently would occur in dependence of driving distance. The inclination indicator 5 may be adapted to control the crayon of the writer. A problem of such an apparatus is however that the inclination indicator, during the movement through road curves in the horizontal plane, will make incorrect indications depending on the curve radius in question and the velocity. The present inven-tion intends to correct such incorrect indications.
For this purpose means 8 are adapted to deliver infor-mation corresponding to the velocity difference bet-.
.
ween the two with respect to each other laterally dis-placed wheels 3 and 4, besides which a device 9 is adapted to, on basis of information from the indicator 6 or 7 and said means 8 and information concerning the lateral displacement b between the wheels 3 and 4, cause a correction, which corresponds to faults of information from the inclination indicator resulting in consequence of the laterally directed forces in curves, and by means of this correction and the information of the inclination indicator deliver an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination at an output 10.
Faults of information of the inclination indicator 5 at movement through curvesare depending on the centri-petal acceleration ac:
v2a where V is the velocity and R the curve radius.
From this equation it appears that V and R must be measured for obtaining said correction term. On basis of this one can through the foIlowing mathematical connection derive the correction which thepresent inven-tion is utilizing-V = R
1 ~V = b V2 = (R + b)~
ac = VR = R (~ )2 =R~ . ~ = Vl . ~V
where (compare with fig 2)R = curve radius b = the lateral distance between the wheels ~ = angular velocity ac= the centripetal acceleration J' .
- :' . ' .
.
', ` ~ ' .
~S~ J
Vl= the velocity of the curve-inner wheel V2= the velocity of the curve-outer wheel, In the formula ac= Vl . ~V Vl is (i.e. the velocity of the curve-inner wheel) bchosen as measure of the velocity of the vehicle. V2 could naturally instead enter into the formula or alternatively the average of Vl and V2.
According to a first embodiment of the invention ~V
(i.e. the difference between Vl and V2) is obtained by comparing the output signals from the indicators 6 and 7 associated with the wheels 3 and 4 by the means 8, which is constructed as a comparer, so that consequently from this an output signal is obtained, which corresponds to the velocity difference and is fed to the device 9. The distance b is knqwn and coded/
codable in the device 9. The output signal from the indicator 6 is led beside the comparer 8 and directly to the device 9, so that consequently this get infor-mation about the velocity of the measuring vehicle.
Alternatively a separate further indicator may be associated with one of the wheels 3 and 4 or a further wheel of the vehicle in order to give information con-cerning its velocity. The apparatus according to the invention can naturally be constructed to operate as well in analogue manner as digital. In the analogue case the indicators 6 and 7 can be constructed to deliver output signals, the voltage of which varies in depen-dence of the velocity. In the digital embodiment the indicators can have the character of pulse generators, the pulse frequency of which varies in dependence of the rate of rotation of the wheels.
On the output 10 of the device 9 consequently a signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination of the road is obtained, i.e. a signal corresponding to the output signal of the inclination indicator 5 corrected . ' ', ' ' `, ' . , .
376~
in relation to the term V1 . ~V . On a second output 11 from the device 9 a signal ibs obtained, which corre-sponds to the driving velocity of the measuriny vehicle and thus can be sensed by one of the indicators 6 and 7 or a further indicator not shown.
The outputs 10 and 11 are connected to a recording means in a way already indicated above, so that con-sequently a documentation of the relationship lateral inclination/distance can be attained. Above that actual inclination and velocity values can naturally be indi-cated for the operator by traditional instruments.
As an alternative to dispose indicators 6 and 7 for the rate of rotation on both of the wheels 3 and 4 one may let the wheels drive a differential gear, the output shaft of which may get a rate of rotation propor-tional to the velocity difference between the wheels.
- This rate of rotation may then be sensed by a suitable indicator, and the information obtained supplied to the device 9. Above that an indicator for delivering of information concerning the absolute velocity of the measuring vehicle would naturally be required.
In the embodiment sketched in fig 3 the vehicle 1 is, in order to obtain information about the total profile of the road, also constructed for measuring of the longitudinal inclination of the road or the supporting surface in question. The normal movement direction of the vehicle is indicated by the arrow 11. On the vehicle an indicator 12 is adapted to deliver informa-tion concerning the inclination angle ~ of the vehicle in its normal movement direction. The indicator 12 can be a pendulum indicator. As in the situation already described there is an indicator 13 for delivering of information corresponding to the vehicle velocity.
The indicator 13 consists of a tachometer associated ,, ' . ~ , .
~2S~37~S
with a wheel of the vehicle. A generally by 14 indicated device comprises a part 15 for transforming the infor-mation concerning the vehicle velocity from the indi-cator 13 to a correction information, which corresponds to the variation of the vehicle velocity, i.e~ the acceleration and the retardation of the vehicle. The device 14 does also comprise a part 16 in order to, on basis of the information obtained from the inclination indicator 12 and concerning the longitudinal inclination of the vehicle and the correction information obtained from the part 15, which corresponds to faults of infor-mation from the inclination indicator 12 accurring as a consequence of veloci~y variations of the vehicle, cause an output signal corresponding to the real longi-tudinal inclination, which signal can be indicatedvisually in the instrument 17. In practice the part 15 is designed to produce the differential quotient of the output signal from the analogue operating tacho-meter indicator 13, so that consequently the derived and possibly amplified or otherwise treated output signal forms a correction signal.
Thus in consequence of the embodiment according to fig 3 the vehicle 1 can be driven along the supporting surface in acceleration as well as retardation without obtaining incorrect values of the longitudinal incli-nation thereby. Also in the embodiment according to fig 3 an output signal from the part 16 and a signal directly corresponding to the vehicle velocity can be conveyed to a recording means, for instance a writer, for recording of the relationship longitudinal inclination/
driving distance. The signal concerning the vehicle velocity can then be obtained from the already mentioned indicator 13 or a further velocity indicator.
The operation of the indicator 13 can naturally, if so is desired, be taken over by one of the indicators 6 or 7, and thereby the first mentioned indicator can be saved.
.` ~ ' ,~
- `'- - ' ~ ' - '
The invention relates to measuring of the inclination of a supporting surface. In the first place it concerns supporting surfaces in the form of roads or similar foundation surfaces, It is very important for the traffic security that the inclination values fixed by the road constructor really are observed at the building of the road~ The lateral inclination, i.e. camber and slope, is of special importance, At an incorrect camber the risk of water accumulations on the road surface and therethrough aqua planning appears.At incorrec~ slope the driver can be surprised in a curve and loose ~he control over his vehicle. According to the prior art control measu-ring of the road inclination is carried out in manual manner, wherein the measuring crew move along the road and carry out measurings at certain points. Such a procedure is very expensive ac a consequence of the enormous time consumption.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of an aspect of the present invention to provide apparatus by means of which inclination measuring can be carried out rapidly and rationally by a vehicle .
' ~ . : . . .
. .
.
~2S~76~
drivable on the road or the supporting surface in ques-tion and Inder maintenance of a very good accuracy o~ measurement.
This object is obtained through an apparatus, the exact features of which appear from the appended claims.
Since the apparatus according to the inventi~n is designed so as to compensate the inclination information in consequence of incorrect indications coming from the inertia forces influencing the inclination indi-cator in question during the changing of the driving direction of the vehicle, this can be moved ~ast along the supporting surface during the measurement. On roads it is possible to carry out the measuring during ordi-nary traffic conditions, since the ~iehicle can be driven with any speed desired during the measuring.
According to the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface, on which a vehicle with at least two laterally displaced wheels or the like are drivable, comprising a first indicator for delivering of information concerning said inclination, at least one wheel of the vehicle being associated with a second indicator for delivering information corresponding to the velocity of said wheel, means for delivering information corresponding to the velocity difference between said two laterally displaced wheels, and a device ~or receiving said information from the second indicator and said means, said device being responsive to receiving said information and to further information concerning the lateral displacement between the wheeIs for correcting faults of information from the . ~ :
.. . .
' ' , .
' ' 1 2$~7f~5 inclination indicator resulting from laterally directed forces exerted on said vehicle when travelling around curves, and by means o~ this correction and information from the inclination indicator delivering an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
With reference to the appended drawings below follows a specific description of an embodiment of the invention described as an example.
In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a schematic view illustrating the apparatus according to the invention, fig 2 is a view illustrating the measuring vehicle from above during its movement through a curve and fig 3 is a schematic view of the apparatus provided with means for indicating the longitudinal inclination of the vehicle.
'~ ' .
- ~ ' . - ', . , "
, :' : ' 3L2S1~7~o ~
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In fig 1 a measuring vehicle 1 is illustrated during its movement on an inclined supporting surface 2, e.g.
a road. The inclination angle is indicated by C~ .
The normal driving direction of the vehicle is perpen-dicular to the drawing plane. The vehicle has at least two wheels 3, 4 laterally displaced with respect to each other. On the vehicle an indicator 5 is adapted to delivering of information concerning the inclination angle ~ of the vehicle in the lateral direction of the vehicle. Thus in driving the vehicle in the longi-tudinal direction of a road the indicator 5 will deli-ver information concerning the inclination in a lateral direction of the road. The indicator 5 can consist of a pendulum indicator.
At least one wheel of the vehicle is associated with a second indicator 6 or 7 for delivering of information corresponding to the velocity of this wheel. The appa-ratus so far as described until now could be used for lateral inclination measuring if the indicator 5 and the indicator 6 or 7 is connected to a recording means for recording the relationship lateral inclination/
driving~distance. The recording means may be a writer, for which a paper feed would be syncronized with the indicator 6 or 7, so that the paper feed consequently would occur in dependence of driving distance. The inclination indicator 5 may be adapted to control the crayon of the writer. A problem of such an apparatus is however that the inclination indicator, during the movement through road curves in the horizontal plane, will make incorrect indications depending on the curve radius in question and the velocity. The present inven-tion intends to correct such incorrect indications.
For this purpose means 8 are adapted to deliver infor-mation corresponding to the velocity difference bet-.
.
ween the two with respect to each other laterally dis-placed wheels 3 and 4, besides which a device 9 is adapted to, on basis of information from the indicator 6 or 7 and said means 8 and information concerning the lateral displacement b between the wheels 3 and 4, cause a correction, which corresponds to faults of information from the inclination indicator resulting in consequence of the laterally directed forces in curves, and by means of this correction and the information of the inclination indicator deliver an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination at an output 10.
Faults of information of the inclination indicator 5 at movement through curvesare depending on the centri-petal acceleration ac:
v2a where V is the velocity and R the curve radius.
From this equation it appears that V and R must be measured for obtaining said correction term. On basis of this one can through the foIlowing mathematical connection derive the correction which thepresent inven-tion is utilizing-V = R
1 ~V = b V2 = (R + b)~
ac = VR = R (~ )2 =R~ . ~ = Vl . ~V
where (compare with fig 2)R = curve radius b = the lateral distance between the wheels ~ = angular velocity ac= the centripetal acceleration J' .
- :' . ' .
.
', ` ~ ' .
~S~ J
Vl= the velocity of the curve-inner wheel V2= the velocity of the curve-outer wheel, In the formula ac= Vl . ~V Vl is (i.e. the velocity of the curve-inner wheel) bchosen as measure of the velocity of the vehicle. V2 could naturally instead enter into the formula or alternatively the average of Vl and V2.
According to a first embodiment of the invention ~V
(i.e. the difference between Vl and V2) is obtained by comparing the output signals from the indicators 6 and 7 associated with the wheels 3 and 4 by the means 8, which is constructed as a comparer, so that consequently from this an output signal is obtained, which corresponds to the velocity difference and is fed to the device 9. The distance b is knqwn and coded/
codable in the device 9. The output signal from the indicator 6 is led beside the comparer 8 and directly to the device 9, so that consequently this get infor-mation about the velocity of the measuring vehicle.
Alternatively a separate further indicator may be associated with one of the wheels 3 and 4 or a further wheel of the vehicle in order to give information con-cerning its velocity. The apparatus according to the invention can naturally be constructed to operate as well in analogue manner as digital. In the analogue case the indicators 6 and 7 can be constructed to deliver output signals, the voltage of which varies in depen-dence of the velocity. In the digital embodiment the indicators can have the character of pulse generators, the pulse frequency of which varies in dependence of the rate of rotation of the wheels.
On the output 10 of the device 9 consequently a signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination of the road is obtained, i.e. a signal corresponding to the output signal of the inclination indicator 5 corrected . ' ', ' ' `, ' . , .
376~
in relation to the term V1 . ~V . On a second output 11 from the device 9 a signal ibs obtained, which corre-sponds to the driving velocity of the measuriny vehicle and thus can be sensed by one of the indicators 6 and 7 or a further indicator not shown.
The outputs 10 and 11 are connected to a recording means in a way already indicated above, so that con-sequently a documentation of the relationship lateral inclination/distance can be attained. Above that actual inclination and velocity values can naturally be indi-cated for the operator by traditional instruments.
As an alternative to dispose indicators 6 and 7 for the rate of rotation on both of the wheels 3 and 4 one may let the wheels drive a differential gear, the output shaft of which may get a rate of rotation propor-tional to the velocity difference between the wheels.
- This rate of rotation may then be sensed by a suitable indicator, and the information obtained supplied to the device 9. Above that an indicator for delivering of information concerning the absolute velocity of the measuring vehicle would naturally be required.
In the embodiment sketched in fig 3 the vehicle 1 is, in order to obtain information about the total profile of the road, also constructed for measuring of the longitudinal inclination of the road or the supporting surface in question. The normal movement direction of the vehicle is indicated by the arrow 11. On the vehicle an indicator 12 is adapted to deliver informa-tion concerning the inclination angle ~ of the vehicle in its normal movement direction. The indicator 12 can be a pendulum indicator. As in the situation already described there is an indicator 13 for delivering of information corresponding to the vehicle velocity.
The indicator 13 consists of a tachometer associated ,, ' . ~ , .
~2S~37~S
with a wheel of the vehicle. A generally by 14 indicated device comprises a part 15 for transforming the infor-mation concerning the vehicle velocity from the indi-cator 13 to a correction information, which corresponds to the variation of the vehicle velocity, i.e~ the acceleration and the retardation of the vehicle. The device 14 does also comprise a part 16 in order to, on basis of the information obtained from the inclination indicator 12 and concerning the longitudinal inclination of the vehicle and the correction information obtained from the part 15, which corresponds to faults of infor-mation from the inclination indicator 12 accurring as a consequence of veloci~y variations of the vehicle, cause an output signal corresponding to the real longi-tudinal inclination, which signal can be indicatedvisually in the instrument 17. In practice the part 15 is designed to produce the differential quotient of the output signal from the analogue operating tacho-meter indicator 13, so that consequently the derived and possibly amplified or otherwise treated output signal forms a correction signal.
Thus in consequence of the embodiment according to fig 3 the vehicle 1 can be driven along the supporting surface in acceleration as well as retardation without obtaining incorrect values of the longitudinal incli-nation thereby. Also in the embodiment according to fig 3 an output signal from the part 16 and a signal directly corresponding to the vehicle velocity can be conveyed to a recording means, for instance a writer, for recording of the relationship longitudinal inclination/
driving distance. The signal concerning the vehicle velocity can then be obtained from the already mentioned indicator 13 or a further velocity indicator.
The operation of the indicator 13 can naturally, if so is desired, be taken over by one of the indicators 6 or 7, and thereby the first mentioned indicator can be saved.
.` ~ ' ,~
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Claims (7)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface, on which a vehicle with at least two laterally displaced wheels or the like are drivable, comprising a first indicator for delivering of information concerning said inclination, at least one wheel of the vehicle being associated with a second indicator for delivering information corresponding to the velocity of said wheel, means for delivering information corresponding to the velocity difference between said two laterally displaced wheels, and a device for receiving said information from the second indicator and said means, said device being responsive to receiving said information and to further information concerning the lateral displacement between the wheels for correcting faults of information from the inclination indicator resulting from laterally directed forces exerted on said vehicle when travelling around curves, and by means of this correction and information from the inclination indicator delivering an output signal corresponding to the real lateral inclination.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a recording means is connected to said device and the second indicator for recording the relationship of lateral inclination/driving distance.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means for delivering information corresponding to the velocity difference between the two with respect to each other laterally displaced wheels comprise a tachometer associated with each of the wheels and a unit for determination of the difference between the output signals of the tachometers.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second indicator consists of one of said tachometers.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said means for delivering information corresponding to the velocity difference between said two laterally displaced wheels comprise a differential gear connected to both of the wheels, the output shaft of which is adapted to rotate with a velocity corresponding to the velocity difference between the two wheels, and a tachometer connected to the shaft.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a third indicator arranged on the vehicle for delivering information concerning the longitudinal inclination of the supporting surface and a second device in order to transform the information obtained from said second indicator or alternatively a fourth indicator concerning the velocity of the vehicle, into correction information, which corresponds to the variation of the velocity of the vehicle and thus to the faults of the information from the longitudinal inclination indicator resulting in consequence of the forces of inertia at such a variation, and in order to, on basis of this correction information and the information of the longitudinal inclination indicator, produce an output signal corresponding to real longitudinal inclination.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a recording means connected to said second device and to the velocity indicator or alternatively to a further indicator for the velocity of the vehicle in order to record the relationship of longitudinal inclination/driving distance.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000496567A CA1258765A (en) | 1985-11-29 | 1985-11-29 | Apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereon |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000496567A CA1258765A (en) | 1985-11-29 | 1985-11-29 | Apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereon |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1258765A true CA1258765A (en) | 1989-08-29 |
Family
ID=4131986
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000496567A Expired CA1258765A (en) | 1985-11-29 | 1985-11-29 | Apparatus for measuring the lateral inclination of a supporting surface by means of a vehicle drivable thereon |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1258765A (en) |
-
1985
- 1985-11-29 CA CA000496567A patent/CA1258765A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |