CA1153057A - Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the same - Google Patents
Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the sameInfo
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- CA1153057A CA1153057A CA000361160A CA361160A CA1153057A CA 1153057 A CA1153057 A CA 1153057A CA 000361160 A CA000361160 A CA 000361160A CA 361160 A CA361160 A CA 361160A CA 1153057 A CA1153057 A CA 1153057A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
- C25B11/032—Gas diffusion electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
- C25B11/043—Carbon, e.g. diamond or graphene
- C25B11/044—Impregnation of carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of Disclosure This disclosure is concerned with improved thin gas diffusion electrodes comprising open pore carbon cloth substrates provided with a uniform mixture of catalytic carbon particles and preferably Teflon? particles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, formed into an electrode assembly with a plurality of closely spaced preferably noble metal current collect-ing contacts throughout the area of the cloth and con-nected to external terminals for use in electrochemical cells, including metal-air batteries and zinc electro-winning cells and the like, operating at high current densities.
Description
~ 3~5~
This invention relates to improved electrocata-lytic gas diffusion.electrode assemblies and, more part-icularly, to thin carbon-cloth-based hydrogen or other ionizable fuel anodes and to air (oxygen) or other ion-izable oxidant cathodes, and to a variety of electrolyte-containing electrochemical cells embodying the said elec-, trodes, including metal-air batteries, zinc and other metal electrowinning cells, fuel cells and the like.
Gas diffusion electrodes are important tools for converting chemical energy directly and efficien~ly into el*ctrical energy. In the case of fuel cells, the product is electricity gener2ted by the ionization of hydrogen or other ionizable fuel at an electroca-talytic anode, and by the ionization of oxygen plus water or other ionizable oxidant at an electrocatalytic cathode in an invariant and stationary acid or alkali electrolyte. The currently i ' 1 ~ " :
, . ` : .
~ ~3~S7 developing hydrogen-air phosphoric acid fuel cell, for example, consists of many cells of thin hydrogen and air electrodes separated by thin acid-filled matrices, the cells being stacked electrically in series, with current collector plates (designed to allow access of air to one side and hydrogen to the other side) inserted between the cells, and with phosphoric acid electrolyte immobilized within the matrices. In contrast, metal electrowinning cells, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
3,793,165 of common assignee of the present invention and also of U.S. Patents Nos. 3,262,86~ and 3,124,520, utilize a flo~ing metal-ion-containing electrolyte and a metal cathode in conjunction with a hydrogen anode. In view of the need to remove cathodic metal produced in this type of process, a series connection of cells is usually imprac-tical and, therefore, the current has to be collected from each hydrogen anode~ Similarly, air cathodes are advantageous, for example, in chlor-alkali cells and more particularly in such cells comprisinq ion-exchange me~branes wherein sub-stantially chloride-free caustic is produced at the ca-thode, as, for example, also disclosed in said U.S. Patent No.
3,124,520. ~ere again the caustic catholyte is flowed through the cell and is removed as one product of manufac-ture. It is, therefore, desireable to collect the current from each air cathode. Metal air batteries are other well known cells utilizing air cathodes. Of special interest is the recently proposed aluminum-air battery intended for auto~lotive use, as disclosed in "Metal-Ajr Batteries for ~utomotive Propulsion" by J.F. Cooper and R.L. Littauer, submitted to the 13th Intersociety Energy Conversion ~;3i~S7 Conference, 1978. Since, in this applicati.on, the battery is to be mecha~ically recharged by replacing the aluminum anode, and since the anode dissolution product (in this case hydrargellite) is removed periodically, it is again preferable to provide current collection separately from each cathode.
In the cases of fuel cells, batteries and even the copper electrowinning process disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,793,165, electricity is produced either Cor its own sake or as a by-product of, for example, copper production. In other metal electrowinning, e.g. zinc elec-trowinning, as well as in chlor-alkali production, the elec-tric enèrgy requirement is substantially reduced by the use of the gas diffusion electrode. Here, part of the electricity is produced in situ from the hydrogen or other active gas ~such as sulfur dioxide) fed to the anode, and the air or oxygen fed to tne cathode, respectively.
These cells and others comprising gas diffusion electrodes disclosed in the literature have often been held back from commercial application because of the unavailabil-ity of sufficiently inexpensive, and well-performing and durable gas diffusion electrodes.
As disclosed, for example, in such standard texts as "Fuel Cell", edited by G.J. Young, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1960 and "Fuel Cells", A Review of Government-Sponsored Research, by L.G. Austin, Scientific and Technical Information Divlsion NASA, 1967, and in the patent literature, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos.
3,859,139, 3,912,5~8 and 4,043,933, known gas diffusion electrodes comprise a gas-porous electrically-conducting ~ ~3~5~
substrate which is, typically, either (1) a metallic screen, expanded or porous sintered metal or the like, (2) a thick porous carbon or graphite plate, block or the like, or, more recently, (3) a thin carbon paper.
It is also well known in the prior art that such substrates advantageously carry a uniform mixture of wet-proofing binder, preferably fluorinat~d hydrocarbon polymers, herein referred to as Teflon, with an electrocatalytic par-ticulate noble metal, preferably platinum, uniformly depos-ited on finely divided hi~h surface area porous carbon carrier particles, as is disclosed for example, in U.S.
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Patent No. 4,044,19~ of common assignee with the present invention.
When air or oxygen electrodes are used in a basic electrclyte (e.g. KOH or NaOI~), carbons have long been known to be adequate electrocatalysts in the ahsence of a noble metal, usually for relatively short term use, as is the case of, for example, some primary metal-air batteries, such as a zinc-air battery.
Thin non-noble metal screens and similar substrates of the prior art, such as nickel or steel sc~eens, are unusable in acid electrolytes as they dissolve therein.
Further, we have found that such non-noble metals have a serious chemical defect even in aoueous alkaline electro-lytes, when they are used in air electrodes comprising the above described catalytic carbon-Teflon particle mixture bonded to the substrate. Oxidation occurs a~ the interface of the metallic substrate and the catalytic carbon when both are in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and air (or oxygen). This oxidation results either in continuously 5~
.
progressive corrosion of the metallic substrate, as is the case of, for example, steel, or in the formation of an adherent metal oxide coating, such as is the case of, for exampe, nickel or tantalum. This oxidation constitutes a serious drawback in that it renders the progressively cor-roding metals, e.g. steel, useless for long-term cell oper-ation; or it increases the electrical resistance of the oxide-coated metals, e.g. nickel and tantalum, lowering electrode performance. It is plausible to attribute this hitherto unrecognized detr~mental phenomenon to an electro-lytic corrosion current generated by a local shorted non-noble-metal-air (or oxygen) couple. l~hatever the explana-tion, non-noble metallic substrates are clearly undesire-able from a corrosion standpoint, in addition to the inher-ent high cost of thin woven metal screens or sintered metals, relative to the cost of carbons. Noble metal screen sub-strates, such as silver screens in alkaline electrolytes, or platinum screens in acid electrolytes, while performing satisfactorily, are usually ruled out because of their excessive cost. In short, metallic substrates are clearly undesireable from a corrosion and/or cost standpoint.
~ iuch of the earlier prior art has focused on porous carbon or graphite which, however, is inherently struc-turally too~weak to be useable in thicknesses much below 1~". Electrodes based on rigid relatively thick (more than 1~8"~ porous carbon plate or block substrates have been studied extensively with emphasis on the effect of pore diamter, percent porosity and gas permeab.lity on electrode performance. Besides being bulky, they are not uniformly porous. Electrodes comprising the same have the catalyst ~ t~3~5~
layer usually locali ed on the face of the plate in eontaet with the electrolyte to minimize the electrolyte flooding problem. Thus, the gas must be made to diffuse into the other face through a maze of non-uniform tortuous mireo-pores to the catalyst layer, which uneven diffusion lowers electrode performanee.
To the eontrary, thin porous electrodes are not only advantageous from a weight and volume standpoint, but they permit easy substantially uniform short-path diffusional access of the gas, under minimal pressures, to the active sites of the eatalyst layer in eontact with the electrolyte.
The relatively reeent advent of thin porous carbon paper-based eleetrodes, as diselosed, for example in U.S.
Patent No. 3,912,538, has overcome the drawbacks of bulk and has shortened the diffusion path. But thin porous carbon paper substrates are very fragile and they are sub-ject to excessive flooding with electrolyte whieh inter-feres with the access of the gas to the electroeatalytie sites of the electrodes. To eontrol the flooding, the carbon papers are often rendered hydrophobic by means of, for example, a Teflon eoating which, however, increases their eleetrical resistivity. In addition, beeause of their structural weakness, they tend to break in handling as well as in eells operating under moderate gas pressures sueh as are needed to prevent electrode flooding, particularly when such cells involve a free-flowing electrolyte. Because of thair resistivity and fragility, they are supported by a matrix on the eleetrolyte side, whieh limits their use~ulness, for praetical purposes, to staeks of fuel eells, in which the eleetrolyte is invariant and immobilized within the matrix.
~3~S~
Finally, the wet-proofed carbon papers haye to be dense to provide a minimum of structural integrity. This characteristic confines the catalytic layer to a surface coating bonded merely to one face of the Paper substrate; and, being pa~ers, they are inherently non-uniform with respect to porosity.
~ s disclosed in copending application Serial No. 361,159, filed September 26, 19~0, o~ the applicants hereof, entitled "Thin Carbon-Cloth-Based Electrocatalytic Gas Diffusion Electrodes, Processes, and Electrochemical Cells ~Co~rising the Same", surprisingly, we have found that thin electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes comprising substantially uniform open-pore carbon cloth or graphite cloth substrates (hereinafter generically referred to as carbon cloth) of thickness in the range of about 5 to 40 mils, and preferably about 10 to about 35 mils, and a uniform mixture of Teflon or similar wet-proofing particles and catalytic carbon particles embedded and adhered added within the cloth pores, have unexpectedly improved electrochemical ~erfo ~ nce~ as well as so much improved structural strength and integrity as to render them also suitable for use in free-flowing electrolyte-containing ~0 electrochemical cells, in contrast to the porous carbon-based electrodes of the prior art. The catalytic carbon particles, as the term is used in this specification and in the appended claims, are either metal-free catalytic carbon particles as later described or, preferably, porous finely divided high surface area carbons carrying suitable known noble metal catalytic particles, including platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and silver, the choice depending on the environment (e.g. acid or alkali; air or hydrogen) and on oFerating conditions (temperature, current \r~
mS~( 3~S7 density, intended length of service and others). The plat-inum-on-carbon described in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 4,044,193 is often the preferred catalyst because o~ its superior performance and durability. In the special case of an air (oxygen) electrode in an alkaline medium, high surface area porous carbon particles without noble metals are reasonably effective catalysts in and of themselves for oxygen plus water reduction; and such and related catalytic carbons are referred to herein as "metal-free catalytic carbon particles".
Suitable substrates are open pore uniform woven carbon clothsmade by carbonization, at high temperature, of pre-~oven carbonaceous fabrics, as described, for example, in Report No. AFML-TR-77-68,entitled "Replacement Carbon Fibers for Thermal Protection Application", by D.L. Schmidt of the Air ~orce Materials Laboratories, August, 1977.
To provide suitable uniform openings or open pores we prefer a carbon cloth contruction having a warp-to-fill ratio of about unity (+10~), with between about 25 and 50 yarns per inch. ~he carbon content of the cloth should be in excess of 97% by weight, and preferably at lest 99% per weight to avoid undesireable impurity interaction with the electrolyte. ~7e have found that thicknesses of cloth between 5 and ~O`mils are suitable in that they combine good struc-tural strength with uniformity. Cloth substrates having thicknesses in excess of 40 mils are unnecessarily expensive and begin to be easily flooded with tenaciously retained electrolyte; and cloth substrates thinner than 5 mils tend to be structurally too weak and too deformable.
~;3~57 Carbon cloths of the above preferred characteristics in thickness range of 5-40 mils are now readily available from commercial suppliers including, among others, ~nion Carbide Company and the Stackpole ~ibers Company.
Especially good performance has been obtained with cloths varying in thickness between 10 and 35 mils, as exemplified in materials sold by the Stackpole Pibers Com-pany under the generic trade name PANEX. By way of specific example, suitable cioth identified as PANEX PI~B-3 has the rollowing typical properties: Construction twarp over fill):
38/38 yarn/inch; thickness 14 mils.
To prepare an electrode, as taught in said copending application, a catalytic carbon-Teflon liquid suspension mixture such as, for example, is disclosed in said U.S.
Patent No, 4,044,193, is applied to the carbon cloth substrate, as by coating, care being taken to make said mixture pen-etrate the openings or open pores of the cloth at least partially and sometimes throughout the cloth. The coated cloth is then dried to remove water, and is thereafter heated to a temperature between about 290C and 350C for about 3 to about 60 minutes, whereby the catalytic carbon particles 3 and Teflon particles 2 are made to bind together and to adhere to the yarns of the cloth within the cloth pores 1', as shown in Fig. 1.
Surprisingly, thin electrodes of substantially improved electrocatalytic performance and excellent struc-tural strength are thus obtained in comparison with prior thin carbon paper-based electrodes. Additionally, the cloth-based electrodes are simpler to produce than the paper-based electrodes because the steps of embedding and heating the ;3~S7 catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture within the pores of the cloth results in wet-proofing of the yarns of the cloth, thereby obviating the necessity of rendering the carbon cloth hydro-phobic by a TeElon pretreatment, or otherwise, prior to catalyst application,--a pretreatment usually called for in the case of the earbon paper substrate. While we do not wish to be held to any particular theory, it is plausible to attribute the improved performance of such electrodes to the uniformity of the catalyst layer evenly embedded within the cloth, to the short diffusion path of the ~as to said even catalyst layer, to the more uniform and ~reater direct exposure of catalyst to the gas, and to the lower eleetric resistivity of the substrate compared to -that of the Teflon-coated hydrophobic paper substrate. The cloth-based electrodes are also somewhat stiffened and are not fragile and retain mechanical stability and electrochemical performance over thousands of operating hours. The catalytic carbon-to-carbon cloth binding involved in this s-tructure, moreover, provides the further desireable attribute of similar coefficients o-f expansion and eontraction, resulting in mechanical integrity.
The present invention relates to a thin electro-eatalytie gas diffusion electrode and curren-t collector assembly eomprising an open pore electrieally conduetinc~ earbon eloth having a eoating of a uniform mixture of catalytic earbon partieles and hydrophobic binder par-ticles evenly deposited on the eloth, with the mixture of particles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, and a plurality of metallie current-eollecting means electrically contacti.ng the cloth and throughout the area thereof and connected to common electric terrninal means for external connections,the me-tallic CCJ/ ,t~
current-collecting means comprising at least one of highly conductive metal ribbons interwoven with the cloth, metal pins fitted into the cloth, metal grids applied to the cloth, and metal layering upon the yarns of the cloth.
Specifically, the preferred electrodes of this invention are made by the methods or processes illustrated in - the following examples, it being understood by those skilled in the art that many variations may be made without departin~
from the scope of the in~ention, as described in this specifi-cation and the appended claims.
Example 1 A platinum-on-carbon sample was prepared substantially in accordance with Example 1, col. 9 of ~.S. Patent - lOa -cg/C~' ' , ' :, 3~5~7 No. 4,044,193, the pH being adjusted to 3 during the preparation.
The air-dried material, containing 9.9% by wei~ht of platinum on Vulcan~ XC-72 carbon, which carbon has a surface area of ap~r~ximaiely 200 m2/g, was compounded with 50% by weight of a wet-proofing fluorinated hydrocarbon, herein referred to as Teflon~ whereby a typical catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture was formed. The compounding may advantageously use the technique described in commonly owned U.S. Patent No. 4,166,143. In this example 1.0 grams of the platinum-on ~ulcan carbon was suspended in 60 ml of distilled water containing 1.4 g/l of lanthanum sulfate. The suspension was ultransonically dispersed and 11.75 ml of the aqueous colloidal Teflon dispersion described in col. 1 lines 35-44 of U.S Patent No.
4,166,143, containing 85 g/l, was added and the stirring was continued for 5 minutes, whereby the Teflon is completey flocced forming the uniform catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture 3-2. The floc-containing liquid suspension is then filtered, leaving, on the filter, the mixture in a form of a paste suitable for coating the substrate. The coating procedure consisted in applying 0.38 gms of the paste to 9 sq inches of the above described carbon cloth PANEX PWB-3, the paste being spread uniformly on the surface and into the open pores of the cloth. The coated fabric is then heated to 340C for about 20 minutes. The resulting electrode had a platinum loading of 0.32 mg/cm2 of electrode area, the platinum being in the form of particles predominantly in the 15-25 Agnstrom range.
Note that the term platinum particles, as used herein, refers not only to metallic platinum but also to oxides of platinum ~hich may be formed in the preparation of the high surface area platinum particles.
`~ ` 11 ms/~C`~
.
~;3~57.
Example 2 The process of Example 1 was repeated except that the platinum-on-carbon sample was prepared by depositing the platinum-containing sol described in col. 4 of U.S. Patent No. 4,044,193 on Vulcan XC-72, using 225 ml of sol containing 4 0 g/l of platinum and 90 gms of Vulcan XC-72. The resulting electrode had a Pt loadinq of 0. 33 mg/cm2.
Example 3 The method of Example 2 was repeated except th~t a hi~h surface area carbon known as Norit A, described in the NORIT Bulletin of the American Norit Company of Jacksonville, Florida, 1975, having a surface area of about 900 m2/g, was substituted for the Vulcan XC-72.
Example 4 The p~ocess o.f Example 1 was repeated, except that here the Vulcan XC-72 was first partially graphitized by heat-ing to yield a porous carbon having a surface area of about 70-80 m2/g.
In general, the porous high surface area carbons suitable for the purposes of this invention are the known porous carbon ~includ.ng graphitized carbon) catalyst carriers o~ surface area in excess of about 50 m2/g.
In the above examples, there are used the preferred platinum catalyst particles substantially all in the range of 15-25 Angstroms in size. This platinum is preferably pre-pared from a platinum sulfite complex described, for example, in U.S. Patent. No. 4,044,193.
~l ~ t~"3~7 The platinum-on-carbon can be replaced, or used in - combination with, palladium-on-carbon, rhodium-on-carbon or ruthenium-on-carbon, the latter three being also formed ~by oxidation of a complex sulfite of palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, respectively, using, for example, the oxidation technique aisclosed in IJ.S. Patent No. 4,044,193.
These and other noble metals-on carbon prepared by different known methods are also suitable for the purposes of this invention, though the resultant noble metal catalyst particles are usually less effective than the above described high surface area particles. For example, the known tech-nique of using an aqueous dissolved solution of a silver salt, e.g. silver nitrate, to impregnate a high surface area carbon, followed by evaporation, yields a silver-on-carbon useful as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst in alakaline media, when applied to the carbon cloth substrate of this invention. A similar iridium-on-carbon can be incorporated in the electrodes of this invention as by the above-described method of making the electrode.
Example 5 A special case is the metal-free catalytic carbon.
An air electrode suitable for use in aqueous alakline media was prepared by the method of Example 1 except that the sample of Vulcan XC-72 carbon, carrying no platinum or other metal, was substituted for the platinum-on-carbon sample.
The performance of the gas diffusion electrodes as air cathodes has been measured in a conventional half cell with, as described in said copending application, the same half cell also being suitable for testing of hydrogen anodes.
~3~7 Here, the polarity is revers~d, hydrogen is evolved at a cathodic nickel foil electrode and the diffusion electrodes serves as the anodic electrode and is depolarized by hydrogen.
In a first series of tests, carbGn cloth electrode of Example 1 was used as the air cathode in a flowing sodium hydroxide electrolyte containinq 23% NaOH by weight.
CO2-free air was fed to the air cathode and the cathode volt-ages were measured vs. the Hg/HgO reference electrode as a function of current density. The cell temperature was kept at 75C.
For purposes of comparing perfonnance a carbon paper-based electrode was also made in accordance with the exact method of Exa~ple 1 above, except that a porous carbon , ~æ
paper of the same thickness as ~he carbon cloth substrate was substituted for the cloth. A porous carbon paper, sold under the trade name KUREHA~paper (marketed by the Mitsubishi International Corporation, New York, NY) and generally des-cribed in United States Patent No. 3,932,197, col. 2, lines 31-32, was used "as is"; that is, without a Teflon pre-treat-ment which would increase its electric resistivity. The paper-based electrode was then tested on CO2-free air, again recording cathode potential vs. current density. Table 1 shows the voltages obtained in the two above described tests.
Comparison of the data obtained with the electrode of Example 1 andthe paper-based electrode illustrates the superiority in performance of the cloth-based electrode.
~i 3~357 T~BLE
Cathode Voltaye vs. Hg/HgO Reference Electrode of Current Density ~xample 1 Kureha Paper-based (Carbon Cloth-based) Electrode (ASF) . _ .
-0.01 -0.03 -0.08 -0.10 100 -0.15 -0.17 150 -0.21 -0.25 200 -0.27 -0.33 250 -0.32 -0.41 300 -0.39 -0.48 3~0 -0.46 -0.57 ... _ _ .. .. .. . .
The larger the absolute magnitude of the voltage, the higher the voltage loss due to polarization of the elec-trode. It is seen from Table 1, that the improvement in per-formance Or the carbon cloth vs. the paper electrode is most pronounced at the high current densities of the order of 250 ASF or more, which are required for economical operation of chlor-al~ali cells or metal-air batteries, for example.
The overall Ferformance of gas diffusion electrodes, as expressed in cell voltage generation or saving, is not only determined by its electrocatlaytic efficiency, but also by other Eactors. The electron-ion interaction of the elec-trode reaction occurs on an electrocatalytic site where simultaneous three-phase contact must be effected bet~een the active gas, the solid electrocatalyst and the liquid ~i3~57 electrolyte. ~or the electrode to function under significant current densities, the electrons must be rapidly conducted to or from the catalytic site. With carbon-substrate baséd electrodes it is known that current collection is a sig-nificant factor determining electrode performance.
It is more particulary to improvements in this area, and to the improved results in specific types of electro-chemical cells arising therefrom, that the present invention is largely directed; it being an object of the invention to provide a new and improved thin electrocatalytic gas dif-fusion electrode and current collector assembly for improved electrode performance.
In the case of conducting current from an individual thin carbon cloth-based electrode to an external circuit, contact is made between the electrode and ametallic conductor to the external circuit, as for example, by means of a metal foil window frame pressed against ,he rim of the electrode, the window area defining the available or exposed electrode area and the frame having metal tabs or terminals which are the contacts to the external circuitry. I~hen the metal foil is non-nDble metal, such as nickel, it needs to be protected from contact with electrolyte and/or active gas, for example, by electrically-insulating gaskets made of rubber, plastic or the like. To avoid excessive losses of available or exposed electrode area in arrangements of this kind, the window area should be large relative to the rim area. The electrode itself has to carry electrons from the electro-catalytic sites to the rim, edge or frame. ~1hile the comb-ination of carbon cloth and the catalyst layer embedded therein and bonded tXereto is surprisingly effective as 3~57 conductor in cell operation, as compared with the electrical conductivity of the carbon cloth substrate, we have found, however, that there is still an appreciable IR-lOSS in the thin carbon cloth-based electrode, especially under current densities in excess of about 75 ASF.
Hence, for use in an electrochemical cell operat-ing at high current densities and requiring current collection from individual electrodes, it is often desireable to improve the current carrying capability of the carbon cloth-based electrodes. One approach that we have found to be successful in this endeavor is to carry electrons from interior portions of the cloth by metallic conducting paths apart from the car-bon cloth and in contact with the same, such as a noble metal screen as of gold-plated nickel, to the current-collecting or contact frame.
We have found that the current carrying capability of the carbon cloth-based electrodes can be spectacularly enhanced by current collecting means comprising closely spaced noble metal contacts electrically connected to the electrode.
~lon-noble metal contacts are not desireable as they suffer from the corrosion effects described above not only in acid, but surpris;ngly also in base. With air cathodes in alkaline media, silver is the preferred contact material, as it is the best and lowest-cost conductor amoung the noble metals.
With hydrosen electrodes in metal electrowinning cells, the current collection problem is less severe when these cells are operated at current densities below 75 amps/sq ft, as is usually the case. ~owever, using, for example, electrodes having e~posed areas of one square foot or more, improved 3~:~57 current collection in acid media is obtained by the use of acid-resistant noble metal contacts, preferably gold contacts.
T1e have designed several ef~ective eurrent eollee-tor-eleetrode assemblies suitable for the purposes of this invention, including noble metal-eoated grids or sereens eontaetin~ the cloth eleetrode; and it is to these improve-ments that the present invention, in one of its aspects, is largely eoneerned. In accordance with the invention,as later stated, it is preferred that exposed eleetrode area for wet-ting by the eleetrolyte be at least about 75~, and current collecting means be less than about 25~ of such area.
A further object of the invention, therefore, is to provide sueh novel thin electrocatalytic gas diffusion eleetrodes with improved eurrent-collector assemblies.
An additional object is to provide such assemblies, that enable signifie~nt improvement in the operation of such eleetrochemical eells as air-metal batteries and ehlor-alkali eells and related electroehemical eells.
other and further objeets will be explained herein-after and will be more fully delineated in the appended elaims.
In summary, from one of its important aspeets, the i~vention embraees a thin electroeatalytic gas diffusion elec-trode and eurrent colleetor assembly comprising an open pore eleetrically conductin~ earbon cloth having a coating of a uni-fo~n mixtu~e of catalytic carbon particles and hydrophobic binder particles evenly deposited on said cloth, with said mix-ture of partieles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, and a plurality of metallic current colleet-ing means elec'rically contaeting said eloth and/or eleetrode throughout the area thereof and connected to common electrie 3~57 terminal means for external connections, said metallic current-collecting means co~prising at least one of highly conductive metal ribbons interwoven with said cloth, metal pins fitted into said electrodes, metal grids applied to said electrodes, and metal layering upon the yarns of said cloth. Preferred details and best mode examples are here-inafter presented.
The invention will now be described with refer-ence to the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 of whi ch are idealized fragmentary views, upon enlarged or magnified scales of sections of preferred electrode assembly construc-tions of the invention; Fig. 3 is a fragmentary side eleva-tion of a modification; and Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating the efficiency of the current collector techniques.
Referring to Fig. 1, the electrically conducting thin carbon cloth is shown at 1, with the coating of catalytic carbon particles 3 mixed in the Teflon or other hydrophobic binder 2 and adhered within the cloth openings or pores 1' and to the yarns as before-described. In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, silver current-carrying ribbons 4 are interwoven with the cloth 1 (~hown as before the coating was applied) to provide current collection through-out the area of the cloth (or a substantial segment of the same). While preferred silver contacts are described, it should be understood that other noble metals, including gold and platinum, are also suitable materials in these embodiments.
~ rhe silver ribbons 4, say 1/64 to 1/16 inches wide an~ 0.5-2 mils thick, were interwoven with the carbon cloth prior to catalyst application and were placed no less than 1~2 inch and no more than 2 inches apart. For example, Z~ ~3i~S7 an electrode was made in accordance with Example 1, except that silver ribbons 4 had been interwoven with the cloth 1, each ribbon beinq l/32 inches wide and 1 mil thick. The rib-bons were spaced 1/2 inches apart, parallel to the warp and fill directions. The resulting electrode was tested in the before-mentioned half cell and under the conditions described above, and the experimental data obtained is recorded in Fig. 4, with cathode voltages measured vs. the Hg/HgO reference elec~rode plotted along the ordinate, as a function of current densitv, plotted along the abscissa~ The data is also tab-ulated in Table 2, which, for comparision purposes, also lists the data of Table 1 referring to the same electrode without the silver ribbon current collector, also plotted in Fig. 4. It is apparent that the electrode-current collector assembly of the invention results in a spectacular improve-ment in performance, especially at high current densities, over the electrode without the current collector.
T~BLE 2 Current Density Electrode of Electrode of Example 1 Example 1 ~ASF)(No current collector) (With current collector) -O . 01 -O . 01 -0.08 -0.065 100 -0.15 -0.09 150 -0.21 -0.115 200 -0.27 -0.135 250 -0.32 -0.16 300 -0.39 -0.185 350 -0.46 -0.210 .
.
.
~ 153~S7 .Slmilar results were obtaincd when the carbon cloths of this invention were silvered prior to catalyst appli-cation, as by evaporating a thin silver film onto the cloth 1, followed by electrodepositing additional silver thereon, or as by spraying a silver film onto the cloth as shown in the broken-away fragmentary section of Fig. 2, at 9'. For example, 1.l4 gm of silver were uniformly sprayed onto a sample, 3" x 3" in size, of the PANEX PBI~-3 carbon cloth 1 prior to catalyst application as in Example 1. The polarization voltage of the resulting electrode, at 250 ~SF, under the same operating conditions ofTable 2, was -0.18 volts.
In general, for good current collection, silvered cloth or cloth with silver ribbons should have not less than
This invention relates to improved electrocata-lytic gas diffusion.electrode assemblies and, more part-icularly, to thin carbon-cloth-based hydrogen or other ionizable fuel anodes and to air (oxygen) or other ion-izable oxidant cathodes, and to a variety of electrolyte-containing electrochemical cells embodying the said elec-, trodes, including metal-air batteries, zinc and other metal electrowinning cells, fuel cells and the like.
Gas diffusion electrodes are important tools for converting chemical energy directly and efficien~ly into el*ctrical energy. In the case of fuel cells, the product is electricity gener2ted by the ionization of hydrogen or other ionizable fuel at an electroca-talytic anode, and by the ionization of oxygen plus water or other ionizable oxidant at an electrocatalytic cathode in an invariant and stationary acid or alkali electrolyte. The currently i ' 1 ~ " :
, . ` : .
~ ~3~S7 developing hydrogen-air phosphoric acid fuel cell, for example, consists of many cells of thin hydrogen and air electrodes separated by thin acid-filled matrices, the cells being stacked electrically in series, with current collector plates (designed to allow access of air to one side and hydrogen to the other side) inserted between the cells, and with phosphoric acid electrolyte immobilized within the matrices. In contrast, metal electrowinning cells, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
3,793,165 of common assignee of the present invention and also of U.S. Patents Nos. 3,262,86~ and 3,124,520, utilize a flo~ing metal-ion-containing electrolyte and a metal cathode in conjunction with a hydrogen anode. In view of the need to remove cathodic metal produced in this type of process, a series connection of cells is usually imprac-tical and, therefore, the current has to be collected from each hydrogen anode~ Similarly, air cathodes are advantageous, for example, in chlor-alkali cells and more particularly in such cells comprisinq ion-exchange me~branes wherein sub-stantially chloride-free caustic is produced at the ca-thode, as, for example, also disclosed in said U.S. Patent No.
3,124,520. ~ere again the caustic catholyte is flowed through the cell and is removed as one product of manufac-ture. It is, therefore, desireable to collect the current from each air cathode. Metal air batteries are other well known cells utilizing air cathodes. Of special interest is the recently proposed aluminum-air battery intended for auto~lotive use, as disclosed in "Metal-Ajr Batteries for ~utomotive Propulsion" by J.F. Cooper and R.L. Littauer, submitted to the 13th Intersociety Energy Conversion ~;3i~S7 Conference, 1978. Since, in this applicati.on, the battery is to be mecha~ically recharged by replacing the aluminum anode, and since the anode dissolution product (in this case hydrargellite) is removed periodically, it is again preferable to provide current collection separately from each cathode.
In the cases of fuel cells, batteries and even the copper electrowinning process disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,793,165, electricity is produced either Cor its own sake or as a by-product of, for example, copper production. In other metal electrowinning, e.g. zinc elec-trowinning, as well as in chlor-alkali production, the elec-tric enèrgy requirement is substantially reduced by the use of the gas diffusion electrode. Here, part of the electricity is produced in situ from the hydrogen or other active gas ~such as sulfur dioxide) fed to the anode, and the air or oxygen fed to tne cathode, respectively.
These cells and others comprising gas diffusion electrodes disclosed in the literature have often been held back from commercial application because of the unavailabil-ity of sufficiently inexpensive, and well-performing and durable gas diffusion electrodes.
As disclosed, for example, in such standard texts as "Fuel Cell", edited by G.J. Young, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1960 and "Fuel Cells", A Review of Government-Sponsored Research, by L.G. Austin, Scientific and Technical Information Divlsion NASA, 1967, and in the patent literature, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos.
3,859,139, 3,912,5~8 and 4,043,933, known gas diffusion electrodes comprise a gas-porous electrically-conducting ~ ~3~5~
substrate which is, typically, either (1) a metallic screen, expanded or porous sintered metal or the like, (2) a thick porous carbon or graphite plate, block or the like, or, more recently, (3) a thin carbon paper.
It is also well known in the prior art that such substrates advantageously carry a uniform mixture of wet-proofing binder, preferably fluorinat~d hydrocarbon polymers, herein referred to as Teflon, with an electrocatalytic par-ticulate noble metal, preferably platinum, uniformly depos-ited on finely divided hi~h surface area porous carbon carrier particles, as is disclosed for example, in U.S.
~L~
Patent No. 4,044,19~ of common assignee with the present invention.
When air or oxygen electrodes are used in a basic electrclyte (e.g. KOH or NaOI~), carbons have long been known to be adequate electrocatalysts in the ahsence of a noble metal, usually for relatively short term use, as is the case of, for example, some primary metal-air batteries, such as a zinc-air battery.
Thin non-noble metal screens and similar substrates of the prior art, such as nickel or steel sc~eens, are unusable in acid electrolytes as they dissolve therein.
Further, we have found that such non-noble metals have a serious chemical defect even in aoueous alkaline electro-lytes, when they are used in air electrodes comprising the above described catalytic carbon-Teflon particle mixture bonded to the substrate. Oxidation occurs a~ the interface of the metallic substrate and the catalytic carbon when both are in contact with the alkaline electrolyte and air (or oxygen). This oxidation results either in continuously 5~
.
progressive corrosion of the metallic substrate, as is the case of, for example, steel, or in the formation of an adherent metal oxide coating, such as is the case of, for exampe, nickel or tantalum. This oxidation constitutes a serious drawback in that it renders the progressively cor-roding metals, e.g. steel, useless for long-term cell oper-ation; or it increases the electrical resistance of the oxide-coated metals, e.g. nickel and tantalum, lowering electrode performance. It is plausible to attribute this hitherto unrecognized detr~mental phenomenon to an electro-lytic corrosion current generated by a local shorted non-noble-metal-air (or oxygen) couple. l~hatever the explana-tion, non-noble metallic substrates are clearly undesire-able from a corrosion standpoint, in addition to the inher-ent high cost of thin woven metal screens or sintered metals, relative to the cost of carbons. Noble metal screen sub-strates, such as silver screens in alkaline electrolytes, or platinum screens in acid electrolytes, while performing satisfactorily, are usually ruled out because of their excessive cost. In short, metallic substrates are clearly undesireable from a corrosion and/or cost standpoint.
~ iuch of the earlier prior art has focused on porous carbon or graphite which, however, is inherently struc-turally too~weak to be useable in thicknesses much below 1~". Electrodes based on rigid relatively thick (more than 1~8"~ porous carbon plate or block substrates have been studied extensively with emphasis on the effect of pore diamter, percent porosity and gas permeab.lity on electrode performance. Besides being bulky, they are not uniformly porous. Electrodes comprising the same have the catalyst ~ t~3~5~
layer usually locali ed on the face of the plate in eontaet with the electrolyte to minimize the electrolyte flooding problem. Thus, the gas must be made to diffuse into the other face through a maze of non-uniform tortuous mireo-pores to the catalyst layer, which uneven diffusion lowers electrode performanee.
To the eontrary, thin porous electrodes are not only advantageous from a weight and volume standpoint, but they permit easy substantially uniform short-path diffusional access of the gas, under minimal pressures, to the active sites of the eatalyst layer in eontact with the electrolyte.
The relatively reeent advent of thin porous carbon paper-based eleetrodes, as diselosed, for example in U.S.
Patent No. 3,912,538, has overcome the drawbacks of bulk and has shortened the diffusion path. But thin porous carbon paper substrates are very fragile and they are sub-ject to excessive flooding with electrolyte whieh inter-feres with the access of the gas to the electroeatalytie sites of the electrodes. To eontrol the flooding, the carbon papers are often rendered hydrophobic by means of, for example, a Teflon eoating which, however, increases their eleetrical resistivity. In addition, beeause of their structural weakness, they tend to break in handling as well as in eells operating under moderate gas pressures sueh as are needed to prevent electrode flooding, particularly when such cells involve a free-flowing electrolyte. Because of thair resistivity and fragility, they are supported by a matrix on the eleetrolyte side, whieh limits their use~ulness, for praetical purposes, to staeks of fuel eells, in which the eleetrolyte is invariant and immobilized within the matrix.
~3~S~
Finally, the wet-proofed carbon papers haye to be dense to provide a minimum of structural integrity. This characteristic confines the catalytic layer to a surface coating bonded merely to one face of the Paper substrate; and, being pa~ers, they are inherently non-uniform with respect to porosity.
~ s disclosed in copending application Serial No. 361,159, filed September 26, 19~0, o~ the applicants hereof, entitled "Thin Carbon-Cloth-Based Electrocatalytic Gas Diffusion Electrodes, Processes, and Electrochemical Cells ~Co~rising the Same", surprisingly, we have found that thin electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes comprising substantially uniform open-pore carbon cloth or graphite cloth substrates (hereinafter generically referred to as carbon cloth) of thickness in the range of about 5 to 40 mils, and preferably about 10 to about 35 mils, and a uniform mixture of Teflon or similar wet-proofing particles and catalytic carbon particles embedded and adhered added within the cloth pores, have unexpectedly improved electrochemical ~erfo ~ nce~ as well as so much improved structural strength and integrity as to render them also suitable for use in free-flowing electrolyte-containing ~0 electrochemical cells, in contrast to the porous carbon-based electrodes of the prior art. The catalytic carbon particles, as the term is used in this specification and in the appended claims, are either metal-free catalytic carbon particles as later described or, preferably, porous finely divided high surface area carbons carrying suitable known noble metal catalytic particles, including platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and silver, the choice depending on the environment (e.g. acid or alkali; air or hydrogen) and on oFerating conditions (temperature, current \r~
mS~( 3~S7 density, intended length of service and others). The plat-inum-on-carbon described in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 4,044,193 is often the preferred catalyst because o~ its superior performance and durability. In the special case of an air (oxygen) electrode in an alkaline medium, high surface area porous carbon particles without noble metals are reasonably effective catalysts in and of themselves for oxygen plus water reduction; and such and related catalytic carbons are referred to herein as "metal-free catalytic carbon particles".
Suitable substrates are open pore uniform woven carbon clothsmade by carbonization, at high temperature, of pre-~oven carbonaceous fabrics, as described, for example, in Report No. AFML-TR-77-68,entitled "Replacement Carbon Fibers for Thermal Protection Application", by D.L. Schmidt of the Air ~orce Materials Laboratories, August, 1977.
To provide suitable uniform openings or open pores we prefer a carbon cloth contruction having a warp-to-fill ratio of about unity (+10~), with between about 25 and 50 yarns per inch. ~he carbon content of the cloth should be in excess of 97% by weight, and preferably at lest 99% per weight to avoid undesireable impurity interaction with the electrolyte. ~7e have found that thicknesses of cloth between 5 and ~O`mils are suitable in that they combine good struc-tural strength with uniformity. Cloth substrates having thicknesses in excess of 40 mils are unnecessarily expensive and begin to be easily flooded with tenaciously retained electrolyte; and cloth substrates thinner than 5 mils tend to be structurally too weak and too deformable.
~;3~57 Carbon cloths of the above preferred characteristics in thickness range of 5-40 mils are now readily available from commercial suppliers including, among others, ~nion Carbide Company and the Stackpole ~ibers Company.
Especially good performance has been obtained with cloths varying in thickness between 10 and 35 mils, as exemplified in materials sold by the Stackpole Pibers Com-pany under the generic trade name PANEX. By way of specific example, suitable cioth identified as PANEX PI~B-3 has the rollowing typical properties: Construction twarp over fill):
38/38 yarn/inch; thickness 14 mils.
To prepare an electrode, as taught in said copending application, a catalytic carbon-Teflon liquid suspension mixture such as, for example, is disclosed in said U.S.
Patent No, 4,044,193, is applied to the carbon cloth substrate, as by coating, care being taken to make said mixture pen-etrate the openings or open pores of the cloth at least partially and sometimes throughout the cloth. The coated cloth is then dried to remove water, and is thereafter heated to a temperature between about 290C and 350C for about 3 to about 60 minutes, whereby the catalytic carbon particles 3 and Teflon particles 2 are made to bind together and to adhere to the yarns of the cloth within the cloth pores 1', as shown in Fig. 1.
Surprisingly, thin electrodes of substantially improved electrocatalytic performance and excellent struc-tural strength are thus obtained in comparison with prior thin carbon paper-based electrodes. Additionally, the cloth-based electrodes are simpler to produce than the paper-based electrodes because the steps of embedding and heating the ;3~S7 catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture within the pores of the cloth results in wet-proofing of the yarns of the cloth, thereby obviating the necessity of rendering the carbon cloth hydro-phobic by a TeElon pretreatment, or otherwise, prior to catalyst application,--a pretreatment usually called for in the case of the earbon paper substrate. While we do not wish to be held to any particular theory, it is plausible to attribute the improved performance of such electrodes to the uniformity of the catalyst layer evenly embedded within the cloth, to the short diffusion path of the ~as to said even catalyst layer, to the more uniform and ~reater direct exposure of catalyst to the gas, and to the lower eleetric resistivity of the substrate compared to -that of the Teflon-coated hydrophobic paper substrate. The cloth-based electrodes are also somewhat stiffened and are not fragile and retain mechanical stability and electrochemical performance over thousands of operating hours. The catalytic carbon-to-carbon cloth binding involved in this s-tructure, moreover, provides the further desireable attribute of similar coefficients o-f expansion and eontraction, resulting in mechanical integrity.
The present invention relates to a thin electro-eatalytie gas diffusion electrode and curren-t collector assembly eomprising an open pore electrieally conduetinc~ earbon eloth having a eoating of a uniform mixture of catalytic earbon partieles and hydrophobic binder par-ticles evenly deposited on the eloth, with the mixture of particles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, and a plurality of metallie current-eollecting means electrically contacti.ng the cloth and throughout the area thereof and connected to common electric terrninal means for external connections,the me-tallic CCJ/ ,t~
current-collecting means comprising at least one of highly conductive metal ribbons interwoven with the cloth, metal pins fitted into the cloth, metal grids applied to the cloth, and metal layering upon the yarns of the cloth.
Specifically, the preferred electrodes of this invention are made by the methods or processes illustrated in - the following examples, it being understood by those skilled in the art that many variations may be made without departin~
from the scope of the in~ention, as described in this specifi-cation and the appended claims.
Example 1 A platinum-on-carbon sample was prepared substantially in accordance with Example 1, col. 9 of ~.S. Patent - lOa -cg/C~' ' , ' :, 3~5~7 No. 4,044,193, the pH being adjusted to 3 during the preparation.
The air-dried material, containing 9.9% by wei~ht of platinum on Vulcan~ XC-72 carbon, which carbon has a surface area of ap~r~ximaiely 200 m2/g, was compounded with 50% by weight of a wet-proofing fluorinated hydrocarbon, herein referred to as Teflon~ whereby a typical catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture was formed. The compounding may advantageously use the technique described in commonly owned U.S. Patent No. 4,166,143. In this example 1.0 grams of the platinum-on ~ulcan carbon was suspended in 60 ml of distilled water containing 1.4 g/l of lanthanum sulfate. The suspension was ultransonically dispersed and 11.75 ml of the aqueous colloidal Teflon dispersion described in col. 1 lines 35-44 of U.S Patent No.
4,166,143, containing 85 g/l, was added and the stirring was continued for 5 minutes, whereby the Teflon is completey flocced forming the uniform catalytic carbon-Teflon mixture 3-2. The floc-containing liquid suspension is then filtered, leaving, on the filter, the mixture in a form of a paste suitable for coating the substrate. The coating procedure consisted in applying 0.38 gms of the paste to 9 sq inches of the above described carbon cloth PANEX PWB-3, the paste being spread uniformly on the surface and into the open pores of the cloth. The coated fabric is then heated to 340C for about 20 minutes. The resulting electrode had a platinum loading of 0.32 mg/cm2 of electrode area, the platinum being in the form of particles predominantly in the 15-25 Agnstrom range.
Note that the term platinum particles, as used herein, refers not only to metallic platinum but also to oxides of platinum ~hich may be formed in the preparation of the high surface area platinum particles.
`~ ` 11 ms/~C`~
.
~;3~57.
Example 2 The process of Example 1 was repeated except that the platinum-on-carbon sample was prepared by depositing the platinum-containing sol described in col. 4 of U.S. Patent No. 4,044,193 on Vulcan XC-72, using 225 ml of sol containing 4 0 g/l of platinum and 90 gms of Vulcan XC-72. The resulting electrode had a Pt loadinq of 0. 33 mg/cm2.
Example 3 The method of Example 2 was repeated except th~t a hi~h surface area carbon known as Norit A, described in the NORIT Bulletin of the American Norit Company of Jacksonville, Florida, 1975, having a surface area of about 900 m2/g, was substituted for the Vulcan XC-72.
Example 4 The p~ocess o.f Example 1 was repeated, except that here the Vulcan XC-72 was first partially graphitized by heat-ing to yield a porous carbon having a surface area of about 70-80 m2/g.
In general, the porous high surface area carbons suitable for the purposes of this invention are the known porous carbon ~includ.ng graphitized carbon) catalyst carriers o~ surface area in excess of about 50 m2/g.
In the above examples, there are used the preferred platinum catalyst particles substantially all in the range of 15-25 Angstroms in size. This platinum is preferably pre-pared from a platinum sulfite complex described, for example, in U.S. Patent. No. 4,044,193.
~l ~ t~"3~7 The platinum-on-carbon can be replaced, or used in - combination with, palladium-on-carbon, rhodium-on-carbon or ruthenium-on-carbon, the latter three being also formed ~by oxidation of a complex sulfite of palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, respectively, using, for example, the oxidation technique aisclosed in IJ.S. Patent No. 4,044,193.
These and other noble metals-on carbon prepared by different known methods are also suitable for the purposes of this invention, though the resultant noble metal catalyst particles are usually less effective than the above described high surface area particles. For example, the known tech-nique of using an aqueous dissolved solution of a silver salt, e.g. silver nitrate, to impregnate a high surface area carbon, followed by evaporation, yields a silver-on-carbon useful as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst in alakaline media, when applied to the carbon cloth substrate of this invention. A similar iridium-on-carbon can be incorporated in the electrodes of this invention as by the above-described method of making the electrode.
Example 5 A special case is the metal-free catalytic carbon.
An air electrode suitable for use in aqueous alakline media was prepared by the method of Example 1 except that the sample of Vulcan XC-72 carbon, carrying no platinum or other metal, was substituted for the platinum-on-carbon sample.
The performance of the gas diffusion electrodes as air cathodes has been measured in a conventional half cell with, as described in said copending application, the same half cell also being suitable for testing of hydrogen anodes.
~3~7 Here, the polarity is revers~d, hydrogen is evolved at a cathodic nickel foil electrode and the diffusion electrodes serves as the anodic electrode and is depolarized by hydrogen.
In a first series of tests, carbGn cloth electrode of Example 1 was used as the air cathode in a flowing sodium hydroxide electrolyte containinq 23% NaOH by weight.
CO2-free air was fed to the air cathode and the cathode volt-ages were measured vs. the Hg/HgO reference electrode as a function of current density. The cell temperature was kept at 75C.
For purposes of comparing perfonnance a carbon paper-based electrode was also made in accordance with the exact method of Exa~ple 1 above, except that a porous carbon , ~æ
paper of the same thickness as ~he carbon cloth substrate was substituted for the cloth. A porous carbon paper, sold under the trade name KUREHA~paper (marketed by the Mitsubishi International Corporation, New York, NY) and generally des-cribed in United States Patent No. 3,932,197, col. 2, lines 31-32, was used "as is"; that is, without a Teflon pre-treat-ment which would increase its electric resistivity. The paper-based electrode was then tested on CO2-free air, again recording cathode potential vs. current density. Table 1 shows the voltages obtained in the two above described tests.
Comparison of the data obtained with the electrode of Example 1 andthe paper-based electrode illustrates the superiority in performance of the cloth-based electrode.
~i 3~357 T~BLE
Cathode Voltaye vs. Hg/HgO Reference Electrode of Current Density ~xample 1 Kureha Paper-based (Carbon Cloth-based) Electrode (ASF) . _ .
-0.01 -0.03 -0.08 -0.10 100 -0.15 -0.17 150 -0.21 -0.25 200 -0.27 -0.33 250 -0.32 -0.41 300 -0.39 -0.48 3~0 -0.46 -0.57 ... _ _ .. .. .. . .
The larger the absolute magnitude of the voltage, the higher the voltage loss due to polarization of the elec-trode. It is seen from Table 1, that the improvement in per-formance Or the carbon cloth vs. the paper electrode is most pronounced at the high current densities of the order of 250 ASF or more, which are required for economical operation of chlor-al~ali cells or metal-air batteries, for example.
The overall Ferformance of gas diffusion electrodes, as expressed in cell voltage generation or saving, is not only determined by its electrocatlaytic efficiency, but also by other Eactors. The electron-ion interaction of the elec-trode reaction occurs on an electrocatalytic site where simultaneous three-phase contact must be effected bet~een the active gas, the solid electrocatalyst and the liquid ~i3~57 electrolyte. ~or the electrode to function under significant current densities, the electrons must be rapidly conducted to or from the catalytic site. With carbon-substrate baséd electrodes it is known that current collection is a sig-nificant factor determining electrode performance.
It is more particulary to improvements in this area, and to the improved results in specific types of electro-chemical cells arising therefrom, that the present invention is largely directed; it being an object of the invention to provide a new and improved thin electrocatalytic gas dif-fusion electrode and current collector assembly for improved electrode performance.
In the case of conducting current from an individual thin carbon cloth-based electrode to an external circuit, contact is made between the electrode and ametallic conductor to the external circuit, as for example, by means of a metal foil window frame pressed against ,he rim of the electrode, the window area defining the available or exposed electrode area and the frame having metal tabs or terminals which are the contacts to the external circuitry. I~hen the metal foil is non-nDble metal, such as nickel, it needs to be protected from contact with electrolyte and/or active gas, for example, by electrically-insulating gaskets made of rubber, plastic or the like. To avoid excessive losses of available or exposed electrode area in arrangements of this kind, the window area should be large relative to the rim area. The electrode itself has to carry electrons from the electro-catalytic sites to the rim, edge or frame. ~1hile the comb-ination of carbon cloth and the catalyst layer embedded therein and bonded tXereto is surprisingly effective as 3~57 conductor in cell operation, as compared with the electrical conductivity of the carbon cloth substrate, we have found, however, that there is still an appreciable IR-lOSS in the thin carbon cloth-based electrode, especially under current densities in excess of about 75 ASF.
Hence, for use in an electrochemical cell operat-ing at high current densities and requiring current collection from individual electrodes, it is often desireable to improve the current carrying capability of the carbon cloth-based electrodes. One approach that we have found to be successful in this endeavor is to carry electrons from interior portions of the cloth by metallic conducting paths apart from the car-bon cloth and in contact with the same, such as a noble metal screen as of gold-plated nickel, to the current-collecting or contact frame.
We have found that the current carrying capability of the carbon cloth-based electrodes can be spectacularly enhanced by current collecting means comprising closely spaced noble metal contacts electrically connected to the electrode.
~lon-noble metal contacts are not desireable as they suffer from the corrosion effects described above not only in acid, but surpris;ngly also in base. With air cathodes in alkaline media, silver is the preferred contact material, as it is the best and lowest-cost conductor amoung the noble metals.
With hydrosen electrodes in metal electrowinning cells, the current collection problem is less severe when these cells are operated at current densities below 75 amps/sq ft, as is usually the case. ~owever, using, for example, electrodes having e~posed areas of one square foot or more, improved 3~:~57 current collection in acid media is obtained by the use of acid-resistant noble metal contacts, preferably gold contacts.
T1e have designed several ef~ective eurrent eollee-tor-eleetrode assemblies suitable for the purposes of this invention, including noble metal-eoated grids or sereens eontaetin~ the cloth eleetrode; and it is to these improve-ments that the present invention, in one of its aspects, is largely eoneerned. In accordance with the invention,as later stated, it is preferred that exposed eleetrode area for wet-ting by the eleetrolyte be at least about 75~, and current collecting means be less than about 25~ of such area.
A further object of the invention, therefore, is to provide sueh novel thin electrocatalytic gas diffusion eleetrodes with improved eurrent-collector assemblies.
An additional object is to provide such assemblies, that enable signifie~nt improvement in the operation of such eleetrochemical eells as air-metal batteries and ehlor-alkali eells and related electroehemical eells.
other and further objeets will be explained herein-after and will be more fully delineated in the appended elaims.
In summary, from one of its important aspeets, the i~vention embraees a thin electroeatalytic gas diffusion elec-trode and eurrent colleetor assembly comprising an open pore eleetrically conductin~ earbon cloth having a coating of a uni-fo~n mixtu~e of catalytic carbon particles and hydrophobic binder particles evenly deposited on said cloth, with said mix-ture of partieles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, and a plurality of metallic current colleet-ing means elec'rically contaeting said eloth and/or eleetrode throughout the area thereof and connected to common electrie 3~57 terminal means for external connections, said metallic current-collecting means co~prising at least one of highly conductive metal ribbons interwoven with said cloth, metal pins fitted into said electrodes, metal grids applied to said electrodes, and metal layering upon the yarns of said cloth. Preferred details and best mode examples are here-inafter presented.
The invention will now be described with refer-ence to the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 of whi ch are idealized fragmentary views, upon enlarged or magnified scales of sections of preferred electrode assembly construc-tions of the invention; Fig. 3 is a fragmentary side eleva-tion of a modification; and Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating the efficiency of the current collector techniques.
Referring to Fig. 1, the electrically conducting thin carbon cloth is shown at 1, with the coating of catalytic carbon particles 3 mixed in the Teflon or other hydrophobic binder 2 and adhered within the cloth openings or pores 1' and to the yarns as before-described. In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, silver current-carrying ribbons 4 are interwoven with the cloth 1 (~hown as before the coating was applied) to provide current collection through-out the area of the cloth (or a substantial segment of the same). While preferred silver contacts are described, it should be understood that other noble metals, including gold and platinum, are also suitable materials in these embodiments.
~ rhe silver ribbons 4, say 1/64 to 1/16 inches wide an~ 0.5-2 mils thick, were interwoven with the carbon cloth prior to catalyst application and were placed no less than 1~2 inch and no more than 2 inches apart. For example, Z~ ~3i~S7 an electrode was made in accordance with Example 1, except that silver ribbons 4 had been interwoven with the cloth 1, each ribbon beinq l/32 inches wide and 1 mil thick. The rib-bons were spaced 1/2 inches apart, parallel to the warp and fill directions. The resulting electrode was tested in the before-mentioned half cell and under the conditions described above, and the experimental data obtained is recorded in Fig. 4, with cathode voltages measured vs. the Hg/HgO reference elec~rode plotted along the ordinate, as a function of current densitv, plotted along the abscissa~ The data is also tab-ulated in Table 2, which, for comparision purposes, also lists the data of Table 1 referring to the same electrode without the silver ribbon current collector, also plotted in Fig. 4. It is apparent that the electrode-current collector assembly of the invention results in a spectacular improve-ment in performance, especially at high current densities, over the electrode without the current collector.
T~BLE 2 Current Density Electrode of Electrode of Example 1 Example 1 ~ASF)(No current collector) (With current collector) -O . 01 -O . 01 -0.08 -0.065 100 -0.15 -0.09 150 -0.21 -0.115 200 -0.27 -0.135 250 -0.32 -0.16 300 -0.39 -0.185 350 -0.46 -0.210 .
.
.
~ 153~S7 .Slmilar results were obtaincd when the carbon cloths of this invention were silvered prior to catalyst appli-cation, as by evaporating a thin silver film onto the cloth 1, followed by electrodepositing additional silver thereon, or as by spraying a silver film onto the cloth as shown in the broken-away fragmentary section of Fig. 2, at 9'. For example, 1.l4 gm of silver were uniformly sprayed onto a sample, 3" x 3" in size, of the PANEX PBI~-3 carbon cloth 1 prior to catalyst application as in Example 1. The polarization voltage of the resulting electrode, at 250 ~SF, under the same operating conditions ofTable 2, was -0.18 volts.
In general, for good current collection, silvered cloth or cloth with silver ribbons should have not less than
2 gms of silverfsq ft~ of cloth. Amounts of silver in excess of 50 gms/sq ft~are not only unnecessarily expensive, but tend to interfere with the embedding of the catalytic carbon Teflon particles within the pores of the cloth.
Another successful current collection assemb~y involves press fitting into the finished electrode silvered plastic or metal pins with their heads preferably placed on the electrolyte side of the cloth as shown in Fig. 3. For example, silver-plated acrylonitryle-butadiene-styrene (A~S) pins 4", having circular heads 1/4 inch in diameter, were press fitted into the finished electrode 1-2-3 of Example 1, the pins being placed 1~" apart. The needle portion of each pin was about 1/4 inch long, this length being not crit-ical~ The pins were connected electrically to a metal, e.g.
steel grid 4"' , as by soldering or press fitting; the grid being thus spaced about 1/4 inch away from the electrode on its gas side. These pins which we have used with and without ;3~3~i7 the above described silvcr ribbons 4 of Fig. 1, not only enhanced conductivity, but also provided mechanical support of the flexible cloth-based electrodes.
In general, the heads of the pins cover a portion of the available electrode area, thereby rendering it non-operative. A reasonable balance between sufficiently close spacing of pins for good current collection and sufficiently wide spacing to minimize area loss calls for an area utiliza~
tion in excess of about 7 5% is accomplished by using pins with heads up to 0.2 sq inches in area spaced not less than one inch apart. Upper limits of spacing are determined by the requirements of current density, cloth support con-siderations and possible use of an additional current col-lector, such as the above described ribbons, 4 Fig. 1.
Still another way of effectively collecting the current from the cloth-based electrodes involves the use of silver-plated expanded metal (e.g. steel or nic~el) sheets or grids, such grids or screens again to have an open area of at least 75% to minimize area loss. The cloth electrodes may be sandwiched between two such sheets or they may be slued, preferabley onthe gas side, to one such expanded sheet or grid by means of a silver epoxy conducting paint.
Other techniques of assembling cloth electrodes and appropriate current collectors will occur to those skilled in theart, all being predicated on the principle that the current collecting means comprise closely spaced contacts electrically connected to the electrode, the contacts being made of noble metals and carrying current from interior por-tions of the carbon cloth electrode to the edge thereof throughout the electrode area or substantial segment thereof.
~3~957 Thc electrodes and assemhlies of.this invcntion are useful in many electrochemical cells including those referred to above. By way of further example, the electrode of Example 1, which has been life tested in the above-described half cell over a period of more than one year at a current density of 300 ~SF, a temperature of 75C and with a caustic elec-trolyte containing 23~ NaOH, was also tested in a chlor-alkali cell comprising a NAFION cation-exchange membrane, wherein the cloth electrode was substituted for the conventional steel cathode. ~ net voltage gain of .8 volts resulted from the use of the carbon.cloth electrode of Example 1 in lieu of the standard steel cathode.
It is noted that the half-cell test described in this specification has been used in a manner substantially duplicating the operating condition of a typical ion-exchange membrane chlor-alkali cell. The electrode of Example 5 was tested in this half cell and showed a voltage gain of the order of .7 volts vs. the Hg/~gO reference electrode. The performance decay of this noble metal-free electrode with time, however, was more pronounced than that of the electrode of Example 1 in the same environment and under the similar operating conditions.
By way of further examples, the electrodes 1-2-3 of Examples 1-4 were tested in a copper electrowinning fuel cell as described in commonly owned V.S. ~atent No. 3,793,165 sing hydrogen as the fuel, a copper cathode and an aqueous copper sulfate-containing electrolyte. Open cell voltages o~ between .31 and .33 volts were obtained and, upon substan-tially shorting the cell, i.e. decreasing the voltage to less than .1 volt, cathodic copper was deposited at current dens-ities ranging between 15 and 20 amps/sq ft. These same
Another successful current collection assemb~y involves press fitting into the finished electrode silvered plastic or metal pins with their heads preferably placed on the electrolyte side of the cloth as shown in Fig. 3. For example, silver-plated acrylonitryle-butadiene-styrene (A~S) pins 4", having circular heads 1/4 inch in diameter, were press fitted into the finished electrode 1-2-3 of Example 1, the pins being placed 1~" apart. The needle portion of each pin was about 1/4 inch long, this length being not crit-ical~ The pins were connected electrically to a metal, e.g.
steel grid 4"' , as by soldering or press fitting; the grid being thus spaced about 1/4 inch away from the electrode on its gas side. These pins which we have used with and without ;3~3~i7 the above described silvcr ribbons 4 of Fig. 1, not only enhanced conductivity, but also provided mechanical support of the flexible cloth-based electrodes.
In general, the heads of the pins cover a portion of the available electrode area, thereby rendering it non-operative. A reasonable balance between sufficiently close spacing of pins for good current collection and sufficiently wide spacing to minimize area loss calls for an area utiliza~
tion in excess of about 7 5% is accomplished by using pins with heads up to 0.2 sq inches in area spaced not less than one inch apart. Upper limits of spacing are determined by the requirements of current density, cloth support con-siderations and possible use of an additional current col-lector, such as the above described ribbons, 4 Fig. 1.
Still another way of effectively collecting the current from the cloth-based electrodes involves the use of silver-plated expanded metal (e.g. steel or nic~el) sheets or grids, such grids or screens again to have an open area of at least 75% to minimize area loss. The cloth electrodes may be sandwiched between two such sheets or they may be slued, preferabley onthe gas side, to one such expanded sheet or grid by means of a silver epoxy conducting paint.
Other techniques of assembling cloth electrodes and appropriate current collectors will occur to those skilled in theart, all being predicated on the principle that the current collecting means comprise closely spaced contacts electrically connected to the electrode, the contacts being made of noble metals and carrying current from interior por-tions of the carbon cloth electrode to the edge thereof throughout the electrode area or substantial segment thereof.
~3~957 Thc electrodes and assemhlies of.this invcntion are useful in many electrochemical cells including those referred to above. By way of further example, the electrode of Example 1, which has been life tested in the above-described half cell over a period of more than one year at a current density of 300 ~SF, a temperature of 75C and with a caustic elec-trolyte containing 23~ NaOH, was also tested in a chlor-alkali cell comprising a NAFION cation-exchange membrane, wherein the cloth electrode was substituted for the conventional steel cathode. ~ net voltage gain of .8 volts resulted from the use of the carbon.cloth electrode of Example 1 in lieu of the standard steel cathode.
It is noted that the half-cell test described in this specification has been used in a manner substantially duplicating the operating condition of a typical ion-exchange membrane chlor-alkali cell. The electrode of Example 5 was tested in this half cell and showed a voltage gain of the order of .7 volts vs. the Hg/~gO reference electrode. The performance decay of this noble metal-free electrode with time, however, was more pronounced than that of the electrode of Example 1 in the same environment and under the similar operating conditions.
By way of further examples, the electrodes 1-2-3 of Examples 1-4 were tested in a copper electrowinning fuel cell as described in commonly owned V.S. ~atent No. 3,793,165 sing hydrogen as the fuel, a copper cathode and an aqueous copper sulfate-containing electrolyte. Open cell voltages o~ between .31 and .33 volts were obtained and, upon substan-tially shorting the cell, i.e. decreasing the voltage to less than .1 volt, cathodic copper was deposited at current dens-ities ranging between 15 and 20 amps/sq ft. These same
3~S7 elec~rodes were also testcd in a drivcn zinc electrowinning cell such as described for example in U.S. Patent No.
3,124,520 embodying a zinc cathode and an aqueous zinc-con-taining electrolyte, such as zinc sulfate. Here a voltage saving of between 1 and 1.5 volt was noted when the combina-tion of the hydrogen electrode of this invention with assoc-iated diaphragm was substituted for the conventional lead anode. still by way of another example, the electrode 1-2-3 of Example 1 was tested in the aluminum air battery described in the paper entitled "General-Purpose Aluminum-Air/Flywheel Electric Vehicles", by J.F. Cooper and E. Behrin, presented at the Fall meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Pittsburgh, ~A, October, 1978 (Paper No. 106). At a current density of 2.5 KAmps/m2, this cloth-based electrode 1-2-3 operated at a polarization voltage ion of only 0.2 volts.
The utility of the electrode assemblies of this invention is not limited to the above-named cells, but extends to others including fuei cells, cells generating oxygen from air and the like; and further uses and modifications will occur to those skilled in this art, being considered to fall ~ithin the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
.
3,124,520 embodying a zinc cathode and an aqueous zinc-con-taining electrolyte, such as zinc sulfate. Here a voltage saving of between 1 and 1.5 volt was noted when the combina-tion of the hydrogen electrode of this invention with assoc-iated diaphragm was substituted for the conventional lead anode. still by way of another example, the electrode 1-2-3 of Example 1 was tested in the aluminum air battery described in the paper entitled "General-Purpose Aluminum-Air/Flywheel Electric Vehicles", by J.F. Cooper and E. Behrin, presented at the Fall meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Pittsburgh, ~A, October, 1978 (Paper No. 106). At a current density of 2.5 KAmps/m2, this cloth-based electrode 1-2-3 operated at a polarization voltage ion of only 0.2 volts.
The utility of the electrode assemblies of this invention is not limited to the above-named cells, but extends to others including fuei cells, cells generating oxygen from air and the like; and further uses and modifications will occur to those skilled in this art, being considered to fall ~ithin the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
.
Claims (17)
1. A thin electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrode and current collector assembly comprising an open pore elec-trically conducting carbon cloth having a coating of a uniform mixture of catalytic carbon particles and hydro-phobic binder particles evenly deposited on said cloth, with said mixture of particles adhered within the cloth pores and to the yarns of the cloth, and a plurality of metallic current-collecting means electrically contact-ing said cloth and throughout the area thereof and con-nected to common electric terminal means for external connections, said metallic current-collecting means com-prising at least one of highly conductive metal ribbons interwoven with said cloth, metal pins fitted into said cloth, metal grids applied to said cloth, and metal lay-ering upon the yarns of said cloth.
2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 and in which said metal comprises a noble metal.
3. The electrode assembly of claim 2 and in which said noble metal is silver.
4. The electrode assembly of claim 1 and in which said catalytic carbon particles comprise catalytic metal particles adhered to high surface area carbon carrier particles.
5. The electrode of claim 9 wherein said cloth has a thick-ness between 5 and 40 mils and between about 20 and 50 yarns/inch with a warp-to-fill ratio substantially equal to one, plus or minus 10%.
6. The electrode of claim 5 wherein said catalytic carbon particles comprise noble metal particles having been uniformly deposited on high surface area carbon carrier particles, such noble metals being selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruth-thenium, iridium and silver, and being present in amount between substantailly 1% and 25% by weight of said car-bon carrier particles and wherein Teflon is present in amount between substantially 1% and 25% by weight of said carbon carrier particles and wherein said Teflon is present in amount between substantially 25% and 75%
by weight of said mixture.
by weight of said mixture.
7. The electrode of claim 6 wherein said noble metal part-icles are platinum particles substantially in the range of substantially 15 .ANG. - 25 .ANG. in size and wherein said platinum loads the electrode surface in amount between substantially 0.04 mg/cm2 and 0.5 mg/cm2.
8. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said metal ribbons are silver ribbons about 0.5 to 2 mils thick and about 1/64 to 1/16 inches wide, said ribbons being interwoven with said cloth and being spaced between 1/2 and 2 inches apart.
9. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said metal grids comprise silvered pins press-fitted into said cloth, said pins having heads of less than about 0.2 sq inches of surface and being spaced not less than one inch apart.
10. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said metal layering com-prises silver particles deposited on and adhered to said cloth.
11. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said metal layering com-prises silver uniformly deposited on said cloth under said coating.
12. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said current collecting means comprises a silver-plated non-noble expanded metal grid.
13. In an electrochemical cell, the electrode assembly of claim 4 in contact with an aqueous electrolyte wetting at least 75% of the exposed area of said electrode and wherein said current-collecting means comprise contacts electrically connected to less than 25% of said area.
14. The cell of claim 13 wherein the cell is a metal-air battery and wherein said aqueous electrolyte comprises at least part of the anodic dissolution product.
15. The cell of claim 14 wherein said battery is an aluminum-air battery and said electrolyte comprises sodium hydroxide.
16. The cell of claim 13 wherein the cell is a driven zinc electrowinning cell having a zinc cathode and an aqueous zinc-containing electrolyte contacting the cathode and anode.
17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the electrolyte of said cell comprises sulfuric acid.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/079,469 US4248682A (en) | 1979-09-27 | 1979-09-27 | Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the same |
| US079,469 | 1993-06-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1153057A true CA1153057A (en) | 1983-08-30 |
Family
ID=22150760
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000361160A Expired CA1153057A (en) | 1979-09-27 | 1980-09-26 | Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the same |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4248682A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0026994B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6217480A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1153057A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3071854D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES495417A0 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO802634L (en) |
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| US4350580A (en) * | 1980-04-25 | 1982-09-21 | Olin Corporation | Current distributors for reticulate electrodes |
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| US4354917A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1982-10-19 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Gas electrode with asymmetric current distributor |
| EP0063981B1 (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1987-11-11 | Societe Les Piles Wonder | Method of manufacturing thin electrodes, particularly gas electrodes, for electrochemical devices, and thin electrodes obtained by such a method, the electrodes possibly being provided with current collectors |
| FR2503936B1 (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1985-11-08 | Wonder | PROCESS FOR PREPARING CURRENT COLLECTORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES, BY DEPOSITION ON ELECTRODES FOR SUCH DEVICES, AND ELECTRODELECTOR COLLECTOR ASSEMBLIES OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS |
| US4399185A (en) * | 1981-09-18 | 1983-08-16 | Prototech Company | Low pressure-drop catalytic mat and method of preparing the same |
| US4414092A (en) * | 1982-04-15 | 1983-11-08 | Lu Wen Tong P | Sandwich-type electrode |
| US4626964A (en) * | 1984-03-19 | 1986-12-02 | Hitachi Maxell, Ltd. | Electrical double layer capacitor and production of the same |
| EP0184638B1 (en) * | 1984-10-17 | 1990-02-28 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Process of producing a flexbile fuel cell electrode from a carbon paper |
| US5047133A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1991-09-10 | Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft | Gas electrode assembly for use in electrochemical cells and method |
| US5415888A (en) * | 1993-04-26 | 1995-05-16 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method of imprinting catalytically active particles on membrane |
| US5330860A (en) * | 1993-04-26 | 1994-07-19 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Membrane and electrode structure |
| NO931689L (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-11-11 | Sigurd Fongen | Apparatus for electrochemical synthesis for "in-line" and "off-line" bleaching, oxidation and disinfection of organic substances in liquids. |
| DE4327254A1 (en) * | 1993-08-13 | 1995-02-16 | Mannesmann Ag | Process for the production of catalytically active gas diffusion electrodes |
| US5521020A (en) * | 1994-10-14 | 1996-05-28 | Bcs Technology, Inc. | Method for catalyzing a gas diffusion electrode |
| US5558947A (en) * | 1995-04-14 | 1996-09-24 | Robison; George D. | Rechargeable battery system and method and metal-air electrochemical cell for use therein |
| JP3773325B2 (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2006-05-10 | ジャパンゴアテックス株式会社 | Gas diffusion layer material for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and its joined body |
| US6103077A (en) * | 1998-01-02 | 2000-08-15 | De Nora S.P.A. | Structures and methods of manufacture for gas diffusion electrodes and electrode components |
| US6127061A (en) * | 1999-01-26 | 2000-10-03 | High-Density Energy, Inc. | Catalytic air cathode for air-metal batteries |
| WO2002045196A2 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-06-06 | Mti Microfuel Cells, Inc. | Fuel cell membrane and system with integrated gas separation |
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| DE10161605A1 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2003-06-26 | Manhattan Scientifics Inc | Electrode with adjustable gas permeability for electrochemical cells has materials of different gas permeability; one material has openings and penetrates into other material at openings |
| US20040020785A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-05 | Minteer Shelley D. | Magnetically-enhanced electrolytic cells for generating chlor-alkali and methods related thereto |
| US7645543B2 (en) | 2002-10-15 | 2010-01-12 | Polyplus Battery Company | Active metal/aqueous electrochemical cells and systems |
| US7470483B2 (en) * | 2002-12-11 | 2008-12-30 | Panasonic Corporation | Electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cell and operation method of fuel cell using the same |
| JP2005128598A (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2005-05-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Information processing device |
| US7282295B2 (en) | 2004-02-06 | 2007-10-16 | Polyplus Battery Company | Protected active metal electrode and battery cell structures with non-aqueous interlayer architecture |
| PL372678A1 (en) * | 2005-02-08 | 2006-08-21 | Politechnika Poznańska | Hydrogen-air secondary cell |
| WO2007075867A2 (en) | 2005-12-19 | 2007-07-05 | Polyplus Battery Company | Composite solid electrolyte for protection of active metal anodes |
| WO2009058170A1 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2009-05-07 | Giner Electrochemical Systems, Llc | Electrolysis cell comprising sulfur dioxide-depolarized anode and method of using the same in hydrogen generation |
| EP2301105A4 (en) * | 2008-06-16 | 2013-06-19 | Polyplus Battery Co Inc | AQUEOUS LITHIUM / AIR BATTERIES |
| US20110129739A1 (en) * | 2008-11-27 | 2011-06-02 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Air secondary battery |
| WO2010138643A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-12-02 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Current collector for catalytic electrode |
| KR101176995B1 (en) * | 2009-11-19 | 2012-08-27 | 한국과학기술연구원 | Zinc air fuel cell with enhanced cell performance |
| EP2772977B1 (en) | 2013-02-27 | 2017-05-03 | Airbus DS GmbH | Regenerative fuel cell system with gas purification |
| CA3008173A1 (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2017-06-29 | Avantium Holding B.V. | System and method for the co-production of oxalic acid and acetic acid |
| DE102016210729A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2017-12-21 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Battery component and galvanic element with porous carbon fiber layer |
| CN113549956A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-10-26 | 北京化工大学 | Low-platinum-loading catalytic gas diffusion electrode and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN113604843B (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-04-21 | 北京化工大学 | Low-load Pt/C catalyst hydrogen diffusion anode and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN115537840B (en) * | 2022-10-12 | 2024-07-23 | 成都理工大学 | A composite electrocatalytic material and preparation method thereof |
| CN118086938A (en) * | 2024-02-28 | 2024-05-28 | 华北电力大学 | A PEM electrolytic stack and a testing device for collecting current density of the PEM electrolytic stack |
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| BE383631A (en) * | 1930-11-17 | |||
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| US3347708A (en) * | 1965-06-15 | 1967-10-17 | Union Carbide Corp | Fuel cell battery containing metal coated carbon electrodes |
| FR1499879A (en) * | 1965-12-16 | 1967-11-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | New fuel cell electrodes and their manufacturing process |
| FR1509002A (en) * | 1966-11-07 | 1968-01-12 | Lorraine Carbone | Fuel cell electrode refinements |
| FR1599959A (en) * | 1968-12-23 | 1970-07-20 | ||
| US4044193A (en) * | 1971-06-16 | 1977-08-23 | Prototech Company | Finely particulated colloidal platinum compound and sol for producing the same, and method of preparation of fuel cell electrodes and the like employing the same |
| US3793165A (en) * | 1971-12-27 | 1974-02-19 | Prototech Co | Method of electrodeposition using catalyzed hydrogen |
| FR2214975B1 (en) * | 1973-01-24 | 1976-11-05 | Alsthom | |
| US3857737A (en) * | 1973-09-18 | 1974-12-31 | United Aircraft Corp | Sequential catalyzation of fuel cell supported platinum catalyst |
| US3859139A (en) * | 1974-01-11 | 1975-01-07 | United Aircraft Corp | Novel composite fuel cell electrode |
| US3912538A (en) * | 1974-01-15 | 1975-10-14 | United Technologies Corp | Novel composite fuel cell electrode |
| US4017663A (en) * | 1974-02-15 | 1977-04-12 | United Technologies Corporation | Electrodes for electrochemical cells |
| NL7502842A (en) * | 1975-03-11 | 1976-09-14 | Stamicarbon | POROUS ELECTRODE. |
| FR2344969A1 (en) * | 1976-03-16 | 1977-10-14 | Alsthom Cgee | Fuel cell electrode - consisting of three thin layers, giving less weight and improved performance |
| US4043933A (en) * | 1976-06-15 | 1977-08-23 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of fabricating a fuel cell electrode |
| US4064330A (en) * | 1976-09-01 | 1977-12-20 | Gaines Jr Fredrick William | Carbon electrode assembly for lithium fused salt battery |
| US4175055A (en) * | 1978-06-28 | 1979-11-20 | United Technologies Corporation | Dry mix method for making an electrochemical cell electrode |
| US4159367A (en) * | 1978-06-29 | 1979-06-26 | Yardney Electric Corporation | Hydrogen electrochemical cell and rechargeable metal-hydrogen battery |
-
1979
- 1979-09-27 US US06/079,469 patent/US4248682A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1980
- 1980-09-05 NO NO802634A patent/NO802634L/en unknown
- 1980-09-09 AU AU62174/80A patent/AU6217480A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1980-09-16 DE DE8080303255T patent/DE3071854D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-09-16 EP EP80303255A patent/EP0026994B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-09-26 CA CA000361160A patent/CA1153057A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-09-26 ES ES495417A patent/ES495417A0/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0026994B1 (en) | 1986-12-03 |
| ES8201643A1 (en) | 1981-10-16 |
| US4248682A (en) | 1981-02-03 |
| ES495417A0 (en) | 1981-10-16 |
| NO802634L (en) | 1981-03-30 |
| DE3071854D1 (en) | 1987-01-15 |
| EP0026994A1 (en) | 1981-04-15 |
| AU6217480A (en) | 1981-04-02 |
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