CA1115342A - Internal battery fuse - Google Patents
Internal battery fuseInfo
- Publication number
- CA1115342A CA1115342A CA324,812A CA324812A CA1115342A CA 1115342 A CA1115342 A CA 1115342A CA 324812 A CA324812 A CA 324812A CA 1115342 A CA1115342 A CA 1115342A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- current collector
- cell
- fuse
- current
- section
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100172879 Caenorhabditis elegans sec-5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091060210 Heavy strand Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HODRFAVLXIFVTR-RKDXNWHRSA-N tevenel Chemical compound NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C([C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)C=C1 HODRFAVLXIFVTR-RKDXNWHRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
- H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
- H01M50/583—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to current, e.g. fuses
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
INTERNAL BATTERY FUSE
ABSTRACT
An internal battery fuse comprising a portion of a current collector which is thermally shielded whereby excessive built-up heat resulting from a short circuit is concentrated in said portion and which heat fuses the shielded portion and interrupts the circuit prior to excessive internal pressure conditions.
ABSTRACT
An internal battery fuse comprising a portion of a current collector which is thermally shielded whereby excessive built-up heat resulting from a short circuit is concentrated in said portion and which heat fuses the shielded portion and interrupts the circuit prior to excessive internal pressure conditions.
Description
.5~
This invention relates to electrochemical cells æub;ect to internal temperature rise and excessive internal pres~ure bulld-up upon short circuiting and more particularly to lithium/sulfur dioxide cells having ~uch characteristics.
One of the dangers Df cells having high discharge rate capabilities is that a short circuit can result in a rapid rise in temperature within the cell caused by ohmic energy dissipation with concomitant increase in pressure. With such increase in pressure, cells may e~ther explode violen-tly or at the very least open and expel their corrosive contents.
Various expedients have been utilized in preventing the above-mentioned consequences in cells when short circuited. Included in such expedients are thermally responsive elements whereby mechanical or electrical means are used to break the circuit and prevent further untoward consequences. Among such thermal control elements are external fuses, tiodes, electrically res-ponsive cut off switches, low temperature melting solder connections and the like. However, the aorementioned control devices have the disadvantage in that they require elements which are normally not included with or within the cells thereby reducing useful available volumetric space and additionally are for the most part costly in implementation.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a means whereby an integral element within a cell can function as a temperature responsive fuse for preventing untoward consequences resulting from short circuit conditions.
This and other objects, features and advantages will be more clearly seen from the following discussion as well as from the drawing in which the single figure is a partially sectioned elevation view of an electrochemical cell containing the temperature responsive means of the present invention.
Generally stated the present invention involves the use of a portion of a normally disposed metal current collector, whether attached to the anode or the cathDde in an electrochemical cell, as a fuse in preventing excessive temperature and pressu~e rise resulting from short circuit conditions.
Normally, a current collector will not fuse under short circuit conditions lllS3~12 in sufficient time if at all for excessive pressure build-up to be prevented. Fusion of the current collector does not occur because heat built up therein is dissipated through the cell usually by convection currents in the liquid electrolyte caused by the heating of the current collector. In accordance with the present invention a section of the current collector of a suitable size able to retain enough heat to fuse the current collector is enclosed by a thermal shield. Heat lS thereby contained therein and quickly fuses the current collector and interrupts the circuit before excessive pressure conditions occur. The thermal shield functions in a manner whereby heat conduction from the current collector is substantially diminished by preventing the electrolyte from conducting heat (directly or indirectly) from the current collector at the fusing site. With respect to the fusing site it is important that such site be situated between the point or points at ~hich the current collector is attached for external terminal connection and the point6 or points at which the current collector is electrically connected to the electrode so that the circuit is interrupt-able.
The thermal shield may either be a separate thermally insulative material such as plastic including polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene heat sealed around the fusing site or the cell separator itself if made of a ~imilarly thermally insulative material and sufficiently tightly contacted with .. ..... .. .. ...... .
the fusing site to prevent thermal contact between the fusing site and the cell electrolyte. Heat sealable films of polyethylene and polypropylene are commer-cially available in various thicknesses ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 inch. Thick-nesses of 0.001 and 0.002 inch polyethylene are satisfactory and will adequately ~hield the fusing site. Heat sealing of polyethylene or polypropylene film to the metal current collector is preferably done by light, localized pressure by heated platens.
In order for a section of the current collector to properly function as a fuse it should be dimensioned such that the desired fusing current provides sufficient resistance heat to fuse the current collector in air. It is desir-able to thin the section of the current collector, which is to function as a fuse, to such dimensions. ~ current collector having uniform thinned qimensions . .
, 1115.~
throughout ~s less desirable because of the loss of structural integrity engendered thereby. Factors to be consldered ln determining the dimensions of the section to be fused include the resistance, density and meltin~ polnt of the metal used. Table I indicates 60me width dimensions for fusing ~trips of various metals commonly used as current collectors:
TABL~ I ~
~ Heat Generated Compared to Fusing Heat of Fusing Strips (0.5" long - 0.002" thick) Metal Width Cross Section Weight Resist. Heat req. Heat ~ener-inch cm cm~ gms ohms to fuse ated by lOA.
joulessec ~oules Al.010 .0254 .00013 3.51xlO 4 2.05xlO 20.304 2.05 .015 .0381 .00019 5.13xlO 4 1.40xlO 20.444 1.40 .020 .0508 .00026 7.02xlO 4 1.03xlO 20.608 1.03 .025 .0635 .00032 8.64xlO 4 0.83xlO 20.748 0.83 Cu.010 .0254 .00013 1.16xlO 3 1.32xlO 20.683 1.32 .015 .0381 .00019 1.60xlO 3 O.90xlO 21.00 o.go .020 .0508 .00026 2.32xlO 3 0.66x10-2 1.37 0.66 .025 .0635 .00032 2.86xlO 3 0.54xlO 21.68 0.54 Ni.010 .0254 .00013 1.16xlO 5.57xlO1.09 5.57 .015 .0381 .00019 1.69xlO 3 3.81xlO 21.58 3.81 .020 .0508 .00026 2.31xlO 3 2.78xlO 22.16 2.78 .~25 .0635 .00032 2.85xlO 3 2.26xlO 22.68 2.26 Ti.010 .0254 .00013 5.85xlO 0.262 0.887 26.2 , .015 .0381 .00019 8.35xlO 0.179 1.30 17.9 .020 .0508 .00026 1.17xlO 3 0.131 1.77 13.1 .025 .0635 .obo32 1.44x10-3 0.106 2.18 10.6 Note from Table I that copper requires the smallest widths for fusing making it more difficult to handle as a current collector and therefore is least desirable as a fuse metal. Titanium can ha~e the greatest width and ~till fuse and would therefore be the most preferred except for its high cost. As between nickel and aluminum, nickel is preferred as a fuse metal .
.
i~l S.~
.
because of lts greater mechanical strength when in thin strip form. In all instances compatibillty between the electrode and the metal of the current collector associated therewlth is however the determining factor in selec-ting a suitable metal for the current collector. Note that if desired, the fuse slte metal may be different from that of the rest of the current col-: lector and may be welded to the current collector between secttons ~hereof.
In determining currents at which aluminum and nickel fuse, in cellshaving heat conductive electrolytes, when Ruch cells are short circuited wires of aluminum and nickel of varying cross sections are immersed in elec-trolyte solutions of sulfur dioxide used as a cathode depolarizer in acetoni-~ trile and subjected to various current loads. Table II indicates the results of such tests with a comparison between shielded and unshielded metals in solutions as compared to unshielded metals in air:
TABLE II
(0.5 inch lengths) Current Cross Environ- Thermal Current at Time to Collector Section mentShield Which fused Fuse All~36 AWG 1 Strand (1.27xlO ~m ) Air No 5 amp l sec " l Strand " Sol'n No 20 amp 2 sec " " 1 Strand" Sol'n Yes 5 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand(2.54xlO cm ) Air No 10 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand" Sol'n No 25 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand" Sol'n Yes 10 amp 2 sec ll " 4 Strand(5.08xlO cm ) Air No 15 amp 2 sec " " 4 Strand" Sol'n No 25 amp No fusing " " 4 Strand" Sol'n Yes 20 amp 2 sec Ni#40 AWG 4 Strand ~2.0xlO cm ) Air No 5 amp 2 sec " " 4 Strand " Sol'n No 20 amp 2 sec " 4 Strand " Sol'n Yes 5 amp 2 sec " " ô Strand ( -4 2) i No 10 amp 2 sec " " 8 Strand " Sol'n No 25 amp 3 sec " " 8 Strand " Sol'n Yes lO amp 4 sec 5~
Current Cross Environ-Thermal Current atTime to Collector Section mentShield Which Fused Fuse ~i#4~ AWG 12 Strand (6.0xlO cm ) A~r No 15 amp 2 sec 12 Strand " Sol'n No 25 amp No fusing " " 12 Strand " Sol'nYes 15 amp 2 sec By shielding the metal in solution, results comparable to metals in air with respect to fusing capability are obtained. It should be further noted that though the compari60ns were conducted with sulfur dioxide in acetonitrile solutions similar result6 are expected regardless of the elec-trolyte solution composit$on.
The placement and configuration of the internal fuse of the present invention can be more clearly seen with reference to the drawing $n which electrochemical cell 10 $s shown as hav$ng a spirally wound electrode/separa-tor configuration. (The electrode configuration is however, generally immaterial to the operation of the present invention unless the separator is to be used as the thermal shield.) Section lla of nickel current collector 11 extends beneath polypropylene separator 13 and electrically engages lithium anode 12 and i8 the only point of electrical connection between current collector 11 and anode 12 with separator 13 electrically insulating the rest of current collector 11 from anode 12. Thinned strip section 16 with thermally non-conduc-tive shield 17 functions as the thermally responsive fuse. Shield 17 is made of a material such as polyethylene and iB heat sealed around section 16 in order to retain heat in said section during short circuit heat build-up condi-tions. If the current collector 11 with fusing site 16 is tightly pressed ngainst separator 13 and insulative member 14 whereby the sulfur dioxide cathode depolarizer in acetonitrile electrolyte $s excluded from thermal contact with 6ection lo, shield member 17 may be dispensed with, with the separator 13 and insulative member 14 functioning as the thermal shield.
Current collector 11 makes external terminal connection with the cell con-tainer 1 above insulative member 14 at area 18 of the cell container 1. Below area 18 and particularly between section 16 and the contact area of current collector 11 and anode 12, insulative members 14 and 15 prevent external elec-trical connection between current collector 11 and cell container 1. Such ll~S34~:
Shoult a short circuit condition occur, heat is concentrated in ~ection 16 of the current collector 11, particularly s$nce the thinned section provides a greater electrical re6istance. The heat contained fuses section 16 with the short circuit electrical connection being interrupted thereby, prior to excessive internal cell heat build-up and concomitant excesRive pressure.
Section 16 is preferably dimensioned to fuse at a 5 amp current load.
In a ~imilar manner aluminum cathode current collector 21 for carbona-ceous cathode 20 can function as the internal cell fuse by wrapping a portion thereof with a thermal shield and suitably dimensioning the fusing site.
It is understood that changes and variations in cell construction, current collector configuration, fusing ~ite and thermal shielding and the like can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims.
This invention relates to electrochemical cells æub;ect to internal temperature rise and excessive internal pres~ure bulld-up upon short circuiting and more particularly to lithium/sulfur dioxide cells having ~uch characteristics.
One of the dangers Df cells having high discharge rate capabilities is that a short circuit can result in a rapid rise in temperature within the cell caused by ohmic energy dissipation with concomitant increase in pressure. With such increase in pressure, cells may e~ther explode violen-tly or at the very least open and expel their corrosive contents.
Various expedients have been utilized in preventing the above-mentioned consequences in cells when short circuited. Included in such expedients are thermally responsive elements whereby mechanical or electrical means are used to break the circuit and prevent further untoward consequences. Among such thermal control elements are external fuses, tiodes, electrically res-ponsive cut off switches, low temperature melting solder connections and the like. However, the aorementioned control devices have the disadvantage in that they require elements which are normally not included with or within the cells thereby reducing useful available volumetric space and additionally are for the most part costly in implementation.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a means whereby an integral element within a cell can function as a temperature responsive fuse for preventing untoward consequences resulting from short circuit conditions.
This and other objects, features and advantages will be more clearly seen from the following discussion as well as from the drawing in which the single figure is a partially sectioned elevation view of an electrochemical cell containing the temperature responsive means of the present invention.
Generally stated the present invention involves the use of a portion of a normally disposed metal current collector, whether attached to the anode or the cathDde in an electrochemical cell, as a fuse in preventing excessive temperature and pressu~e rise resulting from short circuit conditions.
Normally, a current collector will not fuse under short circuit conditions lllS3~12 in sufficient time if at all for excessive pressure build-up to be prevented. Fusion of the current collector does not occur because heat built up therein is dissipated through the cell usually by convection currents in the liquid electrolyte caused by the heating of the current collector. In accordance with the present invention a section of the current collector of a suitable size able to retain enough heat to fuse the current collector is enclosed by a thermal shield. Heat lS thereby contained therein and quickly fuses the current collector and interrupts the circuit before excessive pressure conditions occur. The thermal shield functions in a manner whereby heat conduction from the current collector is substantially diminished by preventing the electrolyte from conducting heat (directly or indirectly) from the current collector at the fusing site. With respect to the fusing site it is important that such site be situated between the point or points at ~hich the current collector is attached for external terminal connection and the point6 or points at which the current collector is electrically connected to the electrode so that the circuit is interrupt-able.
The thermal shield may either be a separate thermally insulative material such as plastic including polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene heat sealed around the fusing site or the cell separator itself if made of a ~imilarly thermally insulative material and sufficiently tightly contacted with .. ..... .. .. ...... .
the fusing site to prevent thermal contact between the fusing site and the cell electrolyte. Heat sealable films of polyethylene and polypropylene are commer-cially available in various thicknesses ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 inch. Thick-nesses of 0.001 and 0.002 inch polyethylene are satisfactory and will adequately ~hield the fusing site. Heat sealing of polyethylene or polypropylene film to the metal current collector is preferably done by light, localized pressure by heated platens.
In order for a section of the current collector to properly function as a fuse it should be dimensioned such that the desired fusing current provides sufficient resistance heat to fuse the current collector in air. It is desir-able to thin the section of the current collector, which is to function as a fuse, to such dimensions. ~ current collector having uniform thinned qimensions . .
, 1115.~
throughout ~s less desirable because of the loss of structural integrity engendered thereby. Factors to be consldered ln determining the dimensions of the section to be fused include the resistance, density and meltin~ polnt of the metal used. Table I indicates 60me width dimensions for fusing ~trips of various metals commonly used as current collectors:
TABL~ I ~
~ Heat Generated Compared to Fusing Heat of Fusing Strips (0.5" long - 0.002" thick) Metal Width Cross Section Weight Resist. Heat req. Heat ~ener-inch cm cm~ gms ohms to fuse ated by lOA.
joulessec ~oules Al.010 .0254 .00013 3.51xlO 4 2.05xlO 20.304 2.05 .015 .0381 .00019 5.13xlO 4 1.40xlO 20.444 1.40 .020 .0508 .00026 7.02xlO 4 1.03xlO 20.608 1.03 .025 .0635 .00032 8.64xlO 4 0.83xlO 20.748 0.83 Cu.010 .0254 .00013 1.16xlO 3 1.32xlO 20.683 1.32 .015 .0381 .00019 1.60xlO 3 O.90xlO 21.00 o.go .020 .0508 .00026 2.32xlO 3 0.66x10-2 1.37 0.66 .025 .0635 .00032 2.86xlO 3 0.54xlO 21.68 0.54 Ni.010 .0254 .00013 1.16xlO 5.57xlO1.09 5.57 .015 .0381 .00019 1.69xlO 3 3.81xlO 21.58 3.81 .020 .0508 .00026 2.31xlO 3 2.78xlO 22.16 2.78 .~25 .0635 .00032 2.85xlO 3 2.26xlO 22.68 2.26 Ti.010 .0254 .00013 5.85xlO 0.262 0.887 26.2 , .015 .0381 .00019 8.35xlO 0.179 1.30 17.9 .020 .0508 .00026 1.17xlO 3 0.131 1.77 13.1 .025 .0635 .obo32 1.44x10-3 0.106 2.18 10.6 Note from Table I that copper requires the smallest widths for fusing making it more difficult to handle as a current collector and therefore is least desirable as a fuse metal. Titanium can ha~e the greatest width and ~till fuse and would therefore be the most preferred except for its high cost. As between nickel and aluminum, nickel is preferred as a fuse metal .
.
i~l S.~
.
because of lts greater mechanical strength when in thin strip form. In all instances compatibillty between the electrode and the metal of the current collector associated therewlth is however the determining factor in selec-ting a suitable metal for the current collector. Note that if desired, the fuse slte metal may be different from that of the rest of the current col-: lector and may be welded to the current collector between secttons ~hereof.
In determining currents at which aluminum and nickel fuse, in cellshaving heat conductive electrolytes, when Ruch cells are short circuited wires of aluminum and nickel of varying cross sections are immersed in elec-trolyte solutions of sulfur dioxide used as a cathode depolarizer in acetoni-~ trile and subjected to various current loads. Table II indicates the results of such tests with a comparison between shielded and unshielded metals in solutions as compared to unshielded metals in air:
TABLE II
(0.5 inch lengths) Current Cross Environ- Thermal Current at Time to Collector Section mentShield Which fused Fuse All~36 AWG 1 Strand (1.27xlO ~m ) Air No 5 amp l sec " l Strand " Sol'n No 20 amp 2 sec " " 1 Strand" Sol'n Yes 5 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand(2.54xlO cm ) Air No 10 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand" Sol'n No 25 amp 2 sec " " 2 Strand" Sol'n Yes 10 amp 2 sec ll " 4 Strand(5.08xlO cm ) Air No 15 amp 2 sec " " 4 Strand" Sol'n No 25 amp No fusing " " 4 Strand" Sol'n Yes 20 amp 2 sec Ni#40 AWG 4 Strand ~2.0xlO cm ) Air No 5 amp 2 sec " " 4 Strand " Sol'n No 20 amp 2 sec " 4 Strand " Sol'n Yes 5 amp 2 sec " " ô Strand ( -4 2) i No 10 amp 2 sec " " 8 Strand " Sol'n No 25 amp 3 sec " " 8 Strand " Sol'n Yes lO amp 4 sec 5~
Current Cross Environ-Thermal Current atTime to Collector Section mentShield Which Fused Fuse ~i#4~ AWG 12 Strand (6.0xlO cm ) A~r No 15 amp 2 sec 12 Strand " Sol'n No 25 amp No fusing " " 12 Strand " Sol'nYes 15 amp 2 sec By shielding the metal in solution, results comparable to metals in air with respect to fusing capability are obtained. It should be further noted that though the compari60ns were conducted with sulfur dioxide in acetonitrile solutions similar result6 are expected regardless of the elec-trolyte solution composit$on.
The placement and configuration of the internal fuse of the present invention can be more clearly seen with reference to the drawing $n which electrochemical cell 10 $s shown as hav$ng a spirally wound electrode/separa-tor configuration. (The electrode configuration is however, generally immaterial to the operation of the present invention unless the separator is to be used as the thermal shield.) Section lla of nickel current collector 11 extends beneath polypropylene separator 13 and electrically engages lithium anode 12 and i8 the only point of electrical connection between current collector 11 and anode 12 with separator 13 electrically insulating the rest of current collector 11 from anode 12. Thinned strip section 16 with thermally non-conduc-tive shield 17 functions as the thermally responsive fuse. Shield 17 is made of a material such as polyethylene and iB heat sealed around section 16 in order to retain heat in said section during short circuit heat build-up condi-tions. If the current collector 11 with fusing site 16 is tightly pressed ngainst separator 13 and insulative member 14 whereby the sulfur dioxide cathode depolarizer in acetonitrile electrolyte $s excluded from thermal contact with 6ection lo, shield member 17 may be dispensed with, with the separator 13 and insulative member 14 functioning as the thermal shield.
Current collector 11 makes external terminal connection with the cell con-tainer 1 above insulative member 14 at area 18 of the cell container 1. Below area 18 and particularly between section 16 and the contact area of current collector 11 and anode 12, insulative members 14 and 15 prevent external elec-trical connection between current collector 11 and cell container 1. Such ll~S34~:
Shoult a short circuit condition occur, heat is concentrated in ~ection 16 of the current collector 11, particularly s$nce the thinned section provides a greater electrical re6istance. The heat contained fuses section 16 with the short circuit electrical connection being interrupted thereby, prior to excessive internal cell heat build-up and concomitant excesRive pressure.
Section 16 is preferably dimensioned to fuse at a 5 amp current load.
In a ~imilar manner aluminum cathode current collector 21 for carbona-ceous cathode 20 can function as the internal cell fuse by wrapping a portion thereof with a thermal shield and suitably dimensioning the fusing site.
It is understood that changes and variations in cell construction, current collector configuration, fusing ~ite and thermal shielding and the like can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (7)
1. An electrochemical cell comprising a container containing a first electrode, a second electrode, a liquid electrolyte and one or more current collectors electrically connected to at least one of said electrodes with said current collector electrically engaged with a section of said con-tainer characterized in that a portion of said current collector between said electrical connection and electrical engagement is enclosed by thermal shielding means whereby excessive heat generated by ohmic dissipation with-in said current collector caused by a short circuit of said cell is retained within said portion to fuse said portion and interrupt the circuit.
2. The cell of claim 1 wherein said portion of said current collector is of a smaller cross section than the remainder of said current collector.
3. The cell of claim 2 wherein said thermal shielding means comprises a heat sealed film comprised of a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and polypropylene.
4. The cell of claim 1 wherein said first electrode is com-prised of lithium.
5. The cell of claim 4 wherein said electrolyte includes sulfur dioxide dissolved therein as a cathode depolarizer.
6. The cell of claim 1 wherein said portion is dimensioned such that it fuses when subjected to a current of S amperes.
7. The cell of claim 1 wherein said current collector comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and aluminum.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US901,404 | 1978-05-01 | ||
| US05/901,404 US4188460A (en) | 1978-05-01 | 1978-05-01 | Internal battery fuse |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1115342A true CA1115342A (en) | 1981-12-29 |
Family
ID=25414102
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA324,812A Expired CA1115342A (en) | 1978-05-01 | 1979-04-03 | Internal battery fuse |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4188460A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5514691A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE875951A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1115342A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2917328A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK177379A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2425157A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2020089B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL57047A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1112835B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7903289A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO149013C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7903745L (en) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4879187A (en) * | 1987-10-22 | 1989-11-07 | Eveready Battery Company | Battery terminal fuse |
| GB8815800D0 (en) * | 1988-07-02 | 1988-08-10 | Dowty Electronic Components | Improvements relating to batteries |
| US4963445A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1990-10-16 | Eveready Battery Co., Inc. | Electrochemical cells having spirally wound electrode assemblies |
| FR2655479A1 (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1991-06-07 | Accumulateurs Fixes | High-power lithium cell |
| US5204194A (en) * | 1992-05-21 | 1993-04-20 | Magnavox Electronic Systems Company | Multicell battery having a tab-fuse for overcurrent interruption |
| US5358798A (en) * | 1993-12-06 | 1994-10-25 | Motorola, Inc. | Battery assembly having a thermal fuse |
| DE19529849C2 (en) * | 1995-08-12 | 2003-12-24 | Nbt Gmbh | Electrochemical cells with protective device and accumulator with non-aqueous electrolytes |
| US5750277A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1998-05-12 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Current interrupter for electrochemical cells |
| US5691073A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1997-11-25 | Duracell Inc. | Current interrupter for electrochemical cells |
| DE19714847B4 (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 2006-01-12 | Varta Automotive Systems Gmbh | Method for cathodic corrosion protection of a rechargeable battery and accumulator with a metallic cell housing |
| CA2233390A1 (en) * | 1997-05-02 | 1998-11-02 | William F. Quinn | Thermal switch assembly |
| US6069551A (en) * | 1997-05-02 | 2000-05-30 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Thermal switch assembly |
| US5948556A (en) * | 1997-10-22 | 1999-09-07 | Space Systems/Loral, Inc. | Massively parallel spacecraft battery cell module design |
| US5844464A (en) * | 1997-11-24 | 1998-12-01 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Thermal switch |
| US6018286A (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2000-01-25 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Thermal switch |
| FR2789514B1 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2003-03-28 | Schneider Electric Ind Sa | FUSE, ESPECIALLY INTERNAL FUSE OF A POWER CAPACITOR, AND POWER CAPACITOR COMPRISING SAME |
| US6218040B1 (en) | 1999-06-11 | 2001-04-17 | Alcatel | Automatic circuit breaker for a battery |
| US6239686B1 (en) | 1999-08-06 | 2001-05-29 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Temperature responsive switch with shape memory actuator |
| US6342826B1 (en) | 1999-08-11 | 2002-01-29 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Pressure and temperature responsive switch assembly |
| US6617953B2 (en) * | 2001-03-26 | 2003-09-09 | Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. | Link fuse |
| US20060273876A1 (en) * | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | Pachla Timothy E | Over-temperature protection devices, applications and circuits |
| US20070048595A1 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2007-03-01 | Paul Graham | Batteries |
| US9028986B2 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2015-05-12 | A123 Systems Llc | Fuse for battery cells |
| US9413031B2 (en) * | 2009-03-24 | 2016-08-09 | Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Apparatus and system for an internal fuse in a battery cell |
| KR101254903B1 (en) | 2011-06-07 | 2013-04-18 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Battery pack with fuse part |
| KR101264579B1 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2013-05-14 | 로베르트 보쉬 게엠베하 | Secondary battery Having Current Collector With Fuse Portion |
| JP5727090B2 (en) * | 2012-03-15 | 2015-06-03 | 株式会社東芝 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| DE102013017228B3 (en) | 2013-10-17 | 2015-04-23 | Airbus Defence and Space GmbH | Switching device for an electrochemical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage and energy storage system |
| JP6288057B2 (en) * | 2015-12-02 | 2018-03-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Stacked all-solid battery |
| JP6766736B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2020-10-14 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | All solid state battery |
| KR102569103B1 (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2023-08-23 | 주식회사 유앤에스에너지 | Current collector for electrodes |
| CN115521267B (en) * | 2022-08-26 | 2023-07-04 | 贵州大学 | Benzenesulfonamide compound containing N-5-chloroisoxazole malonate structure, preparation method and application |
| CN115521271B (en) * | 2022-08-26 | 2023-07-04 | 贵州大学 | A chiral malonate compound containing N-isothiazolebenzenesulfonamide group, preparation method and use |
| CN115521270B (en) * | 2022-08-26 | 2023-08-29 | 贵州工业职业技术学院 | A kind of malonate compound containing N-oxazobenzenesulfonamide group, preparation method and application |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE434737C (en) * | 1924-02-09 | 1926-10-02 | Elemente Fabrik Akt Ges Fa Deu | Protection device for electric batteries against unauthorized use |
| US2876271A (en) * | 1956-02-20 | 1959-03-03 | Union Carbide Corp | Electrolytic fuse |
| US3445798A (en) * | 1967-08-04 | 1969-05-20 | Dieter R Lohrmann | Short-time melting fuse |
| US3579061A (en) * | 1968-09-23 | 1971-05-18 | Gen Electric | Individual current-limiting fuse for the rolls of a multiple roll capacitor |
| US3939011A (en) * | 1973-01-05 | 1976-02-17 | P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc. | Lithium cell with internal automatic safety controls |
| JPS5012540A (en) * | 1973-06-07 | 1975-02-08 | ||
| US3885991A (en) * | 1974-05-28 | 1975-05-27 | Gte Laboratories Inc | Primary electrochemical cell |
| CA1020221A (en) * | 1974-09-19 | 1977-11-01 | Rejean Hachez | Circuit-breaker for storage batteries |
| GB1529854A (en) * | 1975-05-22 | 1978-10-25 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Electric cells |
| US3977907A (en) * | 1975-11-28 | 1976-08-31 | The Gates Rubber Company | Rechargeable battery enclosure |
| US4035552A (en) * | 1976-07-23 | 1977-07-12 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Electrochemical cell |
| US4075400A (en) * | 1977-02-04 | 1978-02-21 | Fritts David H | Over temperature battery deactivation system |
-
1978
- 1978-05-01 US US05/901,404 patent/US4188460A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1979
- 1979-04-03 CA CA324,812A patent/CA1115342A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-04-10 IL IL57047A patent/IL57047A/en unknown
- 1979-04-24 GB GB7914146A patent/GB2020089B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-04-25 NO NO791378A patent/NO149013C/en unknown
- 1979-04-26 NL NL7903289A patent/NL7903289A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-04-27 FR FR7910875A patent/FR2425157A1/en active Granted
- 1979-04-27 SE SE7903745A patent/SE7903745L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-04-28 DE DE2917328A patent/DE2917328A1/en active Granted
- 1979-04-30 IT IT22249/79A patent/IT1112835B/en active
- 1979-04-30 BE BE2/57767A patent/BE875951A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-04-30 DK DK177379A patent/DK177379A/en unknown
- 1979-05-01 JP JP5398579A patent/JPS5514691A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE7903745L (en) | 1979-11-02 |
| FR2425157B1 (en) | 1985-02-08 |
| DE2917328C2 (en) | 1988-04-14 |
| IL57047A (en) | 1982-04-30 |
| IL57047A0 (en) | 1979-07-25 |
| NO149013B (en) | 1983-10-17 |
| GB2020089A (en) | 1979-11-07 |
| NL7903289A (en) | 1979-11-05 |
| GB2020089B (en) | 1982-08-04 |
| BE875951A (en) | 1979-10-30 |
| JPS6333264B2 (en) | 1988-07-05 |
| JPS5514691A (en) | 1980-02-01 |
| US4188460A (en) | 1980-02-12 |
| IT7922249A0 (en) | 1979-04-30 |
| IT1112835B (en) | 1986-01-20 |
| DK177379A (en) | 1979-11-02 |
| FR2425157A1 (en) | 1979-11-30 |
| NO791378L (en) | 1979-11-02 |
| DE2917328A1 (en) | 1979-11-15 |
| NO149013C (en) | 1984-01-25 |
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