WO2016012789A1 - Single nucleotide detection method - Google Patents
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- WO2016012789A1 WO2016012789A1 PCT/GB2015/052119 GB2015052119W WO2016012789A1 WO 2016012789 A1 WO2016012789 A1 WO 2016012789A1 GB 2015052119 W GB2015052119 W GB 2015052119W WO 2016012789 A1 WO2016012789 A1 WO 2016012789A1
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- C12Q2563/00—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties
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- C12Q2563/00—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties
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- C12Q2565/00—Nucleic acid analysis characterised by mode or means of detection
- C12Q2565/60—Detection means characterised by use of a special device
- C12Q2565/629—Detection means characterised by use of a special device being a microfluidic device
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for detecting and characterising single nucleotides which is especially suitable for use in the sequencing of DNA or NA.
- WO 2014/053853, WO 2014/053854, WO2014/167323, WO2014/167324 and WO2014/111723 we have described a new sequencing method which involves progressive digestion of a polynucleotide analyte to generate an ordered stream of single nucleotides, preferably a stream of single deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, each of which can be captured one-by-one into corresponding droplets in a microdroplet stream. Thereafter, each droplet can be chemically and/or enzymatically manipulated to reveal the particular single nucleotide it originally contained.
- these chemical and/or enzymatic manipulations comprise a method involving the use of one or more two-component oligonucleotide probe types each of which is adapted to be able to selectively capture one of the single nucleotide types from which the analyte is constituted.
- one of the two oligonucleotide components comprises characteristic fluorophores and in the probe's unused state the ability of these fluorophores to fluoresce remains extinguished by virtue of the presence of quenchers located close-by or by self-quenching.
- the probe when the probe has captured its corresponding single nucleotide, it is rendered susceptible to subsequent exonucleolysis thereby liberating the fluorophores from the quenchers and/or each other enabling them to fluoresce freely.
- the original single nucleotide present in each droplet can be identified indirectly by spectroscopic means.
- Figure 2a of this review schematically shows the use of a circularizable probe with 3' and 5' ends that anneal upstream and downstream of a site of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on an analyte thereby leaving a gap which is subsequently filled with a nucleotide which is the complement of the SNP to form a complete circular probe which may then be amplified after release.
- SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
- WO03/080861 discloses a process wherein a nucleic acid analyte is subjected to progressive pyrophosphorolysis in the presence of a nucleotide-specific reactive label which attaches directly to the nucleotide as it is released. Not only is this quite different from the method we employ but in practice the fluorescence signal measured when the labelled nucleotides are subsequently interrogated would likely be too weak to enable reliable identification above the associated background noise.
- W094/18218 teaches a DNA sequencing method in which the analyte is subjected to progressive exonucleolysis to generate a stream of single nucleotide diphosphates or monophosphates which are then incorporated into a fluorescence-enhancing matrix before being detected. Not only is this a completely different approach to the one we describe but we again observe that any signal generated would likely be too weak to be reliably detected and identified.
- a method of sequencing a nucleic acid characterised in that it includes the steps of (1) generating a stream of single nucleoside triphosphates by progressive pyrophosphorolysis of the nucleic acid; (2) producing at least one substantially double-stranded oligonucleotide used probe by reacting in the presence of a polymerase and a ligase at least one of the single nucleoside triphosphates with a corresponding probe system comprising (a) a first single-stranded oligonucleotide labelled with characteristic detectable elements in an undetectable state and (b) second and third single- stranded oligonucleotides capable of hybridising to complementary regions on the first oligonucleotide; (3) digesting the used probe with an enzyme having double-stranded exonucleolytic activity to yield the detectable elements in a detectable state and a single-stranded fourth oligonucleotide which is at
- Step (1) of the method of the present invention comprises generating a stream of single nucleoside triphosphates from a nucleic acid analyte by pyrophosphorolysis.
- the analyte employed in this step is suitably a double-stranded polynucleotide the length of which can in principle be unlimited including up to the many millions of nucleotide bases found in a human genome fragment.
- the polynucleotide will be at least 50, preferably at least 150 nucleotide pairs long; suitably it will be greater than 500, greater than 1000 and in many cases thousands of nucleotide pairs long.
- the analyte itself is suitably NA or DNA of natural origin (e.g.
- RNA or DNA or other nucleic acids made up wholly or in part of nucleotide bases that are not commonly encountered in nature; i.e. nucleotide bases other than adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
- nucleotide bases examples include 4-acetylcytidine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uridine, 2-O-methylcytidine, 5- carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylamino-methyluridine, dihydrouridine, 2-O-methylpseudouridine, 2-O-methylguanosine, inosine, N6-isopentyladenosine, 1- methyladenosine, 1-methylpseudouridine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2- dimethylguanosine, 2-methyladenosine, 2-methylguanosine, 3-methylcytidine, 5-methylcytidine, N6-methyladenosine, 7-methylguanosine, 5-methylaminomethyluridine, 5-methoxyaminomethyl- 2-thiouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, 5- methoxycarbonylmethyluridine, 2-
- step (1) comprises a first sub-step of attaching the analyte to a substrate.
- the substrate comprises a microfluidic surface, a micro-bead or a permeable membrane; for example one made out of glass or a non-degradable polymer.
- the substrate further comprises a surface adapted to receive the analyte.
- the analyte can be attached to such surfaces any of which can in principle be used in this sub-step. For example, one method involves priming a glass surface with a functionalised silane such as an epoxysilane, an aminohydrocarbylsilane or a mercaptosilane. The reactive sites so generated can then be treated with a derivative of the analyte which has been modified to include a terminal amine, succinyl or thiol group.
- the analyte is pyrophosphorolysed to generate a stream of single nucleoside triphosphates the order of which corresponds to that of the sequence of the analyte.
- Pyrophosphorolysis may be carried out at a temperature in the range 20 to 90°C in the presence of a reaction medium comprising a polymerase. Preferably it is carried out under conditions of continuous flow so that the single deoxynucleoside triphosphates are continually removed from the reaction zone as they are liberated.
- the pyrophosphorolysis is carried out by causing an aqueous buffered medium containing the enzyme and the other typical additives to continuously flow over the surface to which the analyte is bound.
- the enzyme used is one which can cause progressive 3' -5' pyrophosphorolytic degradation of the analyte to yield a stream of nucleoside triphosphates with high fidelity and at a reasonable reaction rate.
- this degradation rate is as fast as possible and in one embodiment is in the range 1 to 50 nucleoside triphosphates per second.
- Further information about the pyrophosphorolysis reaction as applied to the degradation of polynucleotides can be found for example in J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) pp. 3019-3028.
- the pyrophosphorolytic degradation is carried out in the presence of a medium which further comprises pyrophosphate anion and magnesium cations; preferably in millimolar concentrations.
- step (2) of the method of the present invention at least one single nucleoside triphosphate, preferably each single nucleoside triphosphate in the stream, is reacted in the presence of a polymerase and a ligase with a probe system to generate a substantially double- stranded used probe.
- the product of step (1) containing the single nucleoside triphosphates is treated with a pyrophosphatase to hydrolyse any residual pyrophosphate to phosphate anion.
- the polymerase used in this step is suitably selected from the group consisting of those which show essentially neither exo- nor endonuclease activity under the reaction conditions.
- polymerases which can be advantageously used include, but are not limited to, the prokaryotic pol 1 enzymes or enzyme derivatives obtained from bacteria such as Escherichia coli (e.g. Klenow fragment polymerase), Thermus aquaticus (e.g. Taq Pol), Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus caldovelox and Bacillus caldotenax. Any suitable ligase can in principle be used in this step.
- the probe system employed in step (2) is comprised of three components; (a) a first single- stranded oligonucleotide labelled with characteristic detectable elements in an undetectable state and (b) second and third unlabelled single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of hybridising to complementary regions on the first oligonucleotide.
- the second and third oligonucleotides are discrete entities whilst in another they are linked to each other by means of a linker region.
- the linker region links ends of the second and third oligonucleotides; preferably the 5' end of the second and the 3' end of the third oligonucleotide.
- the linker region can in principle be any divalent group but is conveniently another single- or double-stranded oligonucleotide fragment. In one embodiment the linker region is unable to hybridise substantially to the first oligonucleotide.
- the first, second and third oligonucleotides are chosen so that in step (2) the second and third oligonucleotides can hybridise respectively to 3' side and 5' side flanking regions on the first oligonucleotide which themselves are juxtaposed either side of a capture region which comprises the single nucleotide whose nucleotide base is complementary to the one borne by the nucleoside triphosphate to be detected.
- step (2) may be carried out in the presence of a plurality of probe system types; for example one, two, three or four probe system types each of which comprises a first oligonucleotide having a different capture region characteristic of the various different nucleotide bases sought and different detectable elements attached thereto.
- the first oligonucleotide is up to 150 nucleotides long, preferably between 20 and 100 nucleotides.
- the second oligonucleotide is longer than the complementary 3' side flanking region of the first oligonucleotide by up to 10 preferably from 1 to 5 nucleotides.
- the 3' end of the third oligonucleotide includes an element resistant to exonucleolytic degradation to ensure that the fourth oligonucleotide produced in step (3) is not itself subsequently digested.
- This can be achieved for example by way of incorporating one or more phosphorothioate linkages, a G-Quadruplex, a boronated nucleotide, an inverted dT or ddT, a C3 spacer or a phosphate group at or near that particular end.
- these detectable elements are ones adapted to be detected after an optical event has taken place.
- the detectable elements comprise fluorophores and each unused first oligonucleotide is essentially non- fluorescing at those wavelengths where the fluorophores are designed to be detected.
- a fluorophore may exhibit general, low-level background fluorescence across a wide part of the electromagnetic spectrum, there will typically be one or a small number of specific wavelengths or wavelength envelopes where the intensity of the fluorescence is at a maximum. It is at one or more of these maxima where the fluorophore is characteristically detected that essentially no fluorescence should occur.
- the intensity of fluorescence of the total number of fluorophores attached to the first oligonucleotide at the relevant characteristic wavelength or wavelength envelope is less than 25%; preferably less than 10%; more preferably less than 1% and most preferably less than 0.1% of the corresponding intensity of fluorescence of an equivalent number of free fluorophores.
- any method can be used to ensure that in the first oligonucleotide's unused state the fluorophores are essentially non-fluorescing.
- One approach is to additionally attach quenchers in close proximity to them.
- Another is based on the observation that when multiple fluorophores are attached to the first oligonucleotide in close proximity to each other they tend to quench each other sufficiently well that the criterion described in the previous paragraph can be achieved without the need for quenchers.
- what constitutes 'close proximity' between fluorophores or between fluorophores and quenchers will depend on the particular fluorophores and quenchers used and possibly the structural characteristics of the first oligonucleotide.
- the first oligonucleotide is labelled with at least 1, preferably up to 20 fluorophores.
- the first oligonucleotide is labelled with at least 2 preferably at least 3 fluorophores. Consequently, ranges constructed from any permutation of these maxima and minima are specifically envisaged herein. If quenchers are employed, it is likewise preferred that the first oligonucleotide is labelled with up to 20, preferably up to 10 and most preferably up to 5 of the same.
- fluorophores themselves, they can in principle be chosen from any of those conventionally used in the art including but not limited to xanthene moieties e.g. fluorescein, rhodamine and their derivatives such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine B and the like; coumarin moieties (e.g. hydroxy-, methyl- and aminocoumarin) and cyanine moieties such as Cy2, Cy3, Cy5 and Cy7. Specific examples include fluorophores derived from the following commonly used dyes: Alexa dyes, cyanine dyes, Atto Tec dyes, and rhodamine dyes.
- xanthene moieties e.g. fluorescein, rhodamine and their derivatives such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine B and the like
- coumarin moieties e.g. hydroxy-, methyl- and aminocoumarin
- cyanine moieties such as Cy
- Examples also include: Atto 633 (ATTO-TEC GmbH), Texas RedTM, Atto 740 (ATTO-TEC GmbH), Rose Bengal, Alexa FluorTM 750 C 5 -maleimide (Invitrogen), Alexa FluorTM 532 C 2 -maleimide (Invitrogen) and Rhodamine Red C 2 -maleimide and Rhodamine Green as well as phosphoramadite dyes such as Quasar 570.
- a quantum dot or a near infra-red dye such as those supplied by LI-COR Biosciences can be employed.
- the fluorophore is typically attached to the first oligonucleotide via a nucleotide base using chemical methods known in the art.
- Suitable quenchers include those which work by a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism.
- FRET Forster resonance energy transfer
- Examples of commercially available quenchers which can be used in association with the above mentioned-fluorophores include but are not limited to DDQ-1, Dabcyl, Eclipse, Iowa Black FQ and RQ, IR Dye-QCl, BHQ-0, BHQ-1, -2 and -3 and QSY-7 and -21.
- the second and third oligonucleotides are not labelled with detectable elements.
- Step (2) is suitably carried out by contacting each single nucleoside triphosphate in the stream with one or more probe systems as described above at a temperature in the range 20 to 80°C.
- step (2) of the method of the invention is, as mentioned above, a substantially double-stranded used probe whose constituent strands are respectively the first oligonucleotide and a complementary fourth oligonucleotide which when read in its 5' -3' direction is comprised of the second oligonucleotide, then a nucleotide derived from the single nucleoside triphosphate and finally the third oligonucleotide. If the second and third oligonucleotides have previously been joined together by a linker region then it will be readily apparent that the fourth oligonucleotide will comprise a closed loop strand that is highly resistant to exonucleolysis.
- Step (3) the used probe is treated with an enzyme at a temperature in the range 30 to 100°C.
- the strand of the used probe derived from the first oligonucleotide is digested into its constituent nucleotides (deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates or ribonucleoside monophosphates as the case may be) in the process separating the detectable elements from one another and thereby causing them to become unquenched and therefore detectable.
- the detectable elements are fluorophores which have been quenched into an undetectable state in the first oligonucleotide
- step (3) will liberate the fluorophores from each other and any quenchers thereby causing them fluorescence.
- the observer therefore sees rapid growth in the fluorescence signal as a cascade of single nucleotides is generated.
- the characteristics of this fluorescence then indirectly reflect the nature of the single nucleoside triphosphate originally captured by the relevant probe system.
- Enzymes which can be used in step (3) comprise exonucleases or polymerases which exhibit 3'-5' exonucleolytic activity.
- This class of enzyme includes Q.5, Q.5 Hot Start, Phusion, Phusion HS, Phusion I I, Phusion I I HS, Dnase I ( Nase-free), Exonuclease I or I II (ex E.coli), Exonuclease T, Exonuclease V (RecBCD), Lambda Exonuclease, Micrococcal Nuclease, M ung Bean Nuclease, Nuclease BAL-31, RecJ f , T5 Exonuclease and T7 Exonuclease.
- the reaction mixture is cycled between relatively high and relatively low temperatures in order to remove any residual oligonucleotide fragments left over from the first oligonucleotide from the fourth oligonucleotide and to allow new second and third oligonucleotides to anneal.
- step (4) the fourth oligonucleotide now present in single-stranded form is caused to hybridise to another first oligonucleotide molecule thereby producing a new substantially double- stranded oligonucleotide product corresponding to, i.e. having the same chemical and physical structure as the used probe.
- This product is then digested in a repeat of step (3) thereby releasing further detectable elements in a detectable state and again regenerating the fourth oligonucleotide.
- steps (3) and (4) are allowed to continue in a cyclic way causing further enhancement in the signal from the free detectable elements e.g. the fluorescence signal; in principle until substantially all of the first oligonucleotide has been consumed. As a consequence the observer sees a much greater enhancement of the fluorescence signal than has been previously obtained.
- step (6) the detectable elements liberated in the various iterations of step (3) are detected and the nature of the nucleotide base attached to the single nucleoside triphosphate determined.
- the method of the invention systematically for all the single nucleoside triphosphates in the stream generated in step (1), data characteristic of the sequence of the original nucleic acid analyte can be generated and analysed. Methods of doing this are well-known in the art; for example fluorescence may be detected using a photodetector or an equivalent device tuned to the characteristic fluorescence wavelength(s) or wavelength envelope(s) of the various fluorophores.
- a period of time is allowed to elapse between steps (5) and (6) to ensure that the number of detectable elements in a detectable state has grown to a maximum.
- the method of the present invention is carried out wholly or partially in a stream of microdroplets, at least some of which contain a single nucleoside triphosphate; suitably an ordered stream.
- a method may begin, for example, by inserting the nucleoside triphosphates generated in step (1) one-by-one into a corresponding stream of aqueous microdroplets maintained in an immiscible carrier solvent such as a hydrocarbon or silicone oil to help preserve the ordering.
- an immiscible carrier solvent such as a hydrocarbon or silicone oil
- this can be achieved by directly creating the microdroplets downstream of the pyrophosphorolysis reaction zone; for example by causing the reaction medium to emerge from a microdroplet head of suitable dimensions into a flowing stream of the solvent.
- step (1) small aliquots of the reaction medium from step (1) can be regularly and sequentially injected into a stream of pre-existing aqueous microdroplets suspended in the solvent.
- each microdroplet may already contain the various components of the probe system(s) together with the enzymes and any other reagents (e.g. buffer) required to effect steps (2) to (5).
- the microdroplets created in the former embodiment can be caused to coalesce subsequently with a stream of such pre-existing microdroplets to achieve a similar outcome.
- step (6) then preferably involves interrogating each microdroplet to identify the detectable elements liberated and hence the nature of the nucleoside triphosphate it originally contained.
- each nucleoside triphosphate in step (1) at a rate such that each filled microdroplet is separated by from 1 to 20 preferably 2 to 10 empty ones.
- the stream of filled and unfilled microdroplets in the solvent is caused to flow along a flow path, suitably a microfluidic flow path, at a rate and in a manner such that they are maintained in a discrete state and do not have the opportunity to coalesce with each other.
- the microdroplets employed have a finite diameter less than 100 microns, preferably less than 50 microns, more preferably less than 20 microns and even more preferably less than 15 microns. Most preferably of all their diameters are in the range 2 to 20 microns.
- the microdroplet flow rate through the whole system is in the range 50 to 3000 microdroplets per second preferably 100 to 2000.
- a probe system characterised by comprising (a) a first single-stranded oligonucleotide labelled with one or more fluorophores in an undetectable state and (b) second and third unlabelled single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of hybridising respectively to complementary 3' side and 5' side flanking regions on the first oligonucleotide which are juxtaposed either side of a single nucleotide capture region the length of the second oligonucleotide being at least one nucleotide longer than the 3' side flanking region.
- the second and third oligonucleotides are linked by a linker region typically a single- or double-stranded oligonucleotide region.
- the nucleotide at the 3' end of the first oligonucleotide is a mismatch with the corresponding nucleotide in the second oligonucleotide.
- the third oligonucleotide includes an element resistant to exonucleolytic degradation at its 3' end.
- the fluorophores are located in the 5' flanking region of the first oligonucleotide which may also include quenchers.
- a single-stranded first oligonucleotide 1 was prepared, having the following nucleotide sequence:
- A, C, G, and T represent nucleotides bearing the relevant characteristic nucleotide base of DNA
- X represents a deoxythymidine nucleotide (T) labelled with Atto 655 dye using conventional amine attachment chemistry
- Q. represents a deoxythymidine nucleotide labelled with a BHQ-2 quencher. It further comprises a capture region (A nucleotide) selective for capturing deoxythymidine triphosphate nucleotides (dTTPs) in a mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).
- a nucleotide selective for capturing deoxythymidine triphosphate nucleotides (dTTPs) in a mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs).
- Another single-stranded oligonucleotide 2 comprising (1) a second oligonucleotide region having a sequence complementary to the 3' end of the first oligonucleotide with a single base mismatch; (2) a third oligonucleotide region having a sequence complementary to the 5' end of the first oligonucleotide and (3) a 76 base pair single-stranded linker region, was also prepared. It had the following nucleotide sequence:
- P represents a 5' phosphate group.
- a reaction mixture comprising the probe system was then prepared. It had a composition corresponding to that derived from the following formulation:
- 5x buffer comprised the following mixture:
- Capture of the dTTPs and ligation of oligonucleotide 2 to oligonucleotide 1 to form a closed-loop used probe was then carried out by incubating the mixture at 37°C for 50 minutes after which the temperature was increased to 70°C for a further 50 minutes.
- the reaction mixture was then illuminated using the 633nm line of a Helium-Neon laser and the resulting characteristic fluorescence of the Atto 655 dye detected using a camera as the cycle of exonucleolysis and regeneration of the used probe began.
- the growth in intensity of fluorescence over time in the presence and absence of the dNTP component of the reaction mixture was monitored and the results shown graphically in figure 1.
- the probe system efficiently captures the dTTPs and the cyclic nature of the process of the present invention leads to a rapid growth in fluorescence signal.
- the Atto 655 dye on oligonucleotide 1 did not exhibit fluorescence to any significant extent.
- Figure 2 schematically illustrates a microfluidic sequencing device in which microdroplets each containing a single nucleotide base are made to undergo reaction with a probe system of the type above as described above.
- An aqueous medium 1 comprising a stream of single nucleotide triphosphates obtained by the progressive pyrophosphorolysis of a 100 nucleotide base polynucleotide analyte derived from human DNA is caused to flow through a ten micron diameter microfluidic tube fabricated from PDMS polymer.
- the pyrophosphorolysis reaction itself is carried out by passing a stream of an aqueous, buffered (pH 7.5) reaction medium at 72°C, comprising Taq Pol and a solution having a 2 millimoles per litre concentration of each of sodium pyrophosphate and magnesium chloride, over a glass micro bead onto which the analyte has been previously attached by means of a succinyl bridge.
- the order of the single nucleotides in 1, which is downstream of the micro bead, corresponds to the sequence of the analyte. 1 emerges from a droplet head 2 into a first chamber 3 where it is contacted with one or more streams of immiscible light silicone oil 4.
- velocities of these streams are chosen to avoid turbulent mixing and to create aqueous spherical droplets 5 suspended in the oil each having a diameter of approximately eight microns. Typically, rates are adjusted so that between adjacent filled droplets there are 10 empty ones.
- a stream of 5 is then carried forward along a second microfluidic tube of the same diameter to a second chamber 6 into which a second stream of five micron aqueous spherical droplets 7 is also fed by means of a second droplet head 8. Droplets 5 and 7 are caused to coalesce in a sequential fashion to form enlarged aqueous droplets 9 approximately nine microns in diameter. Each of 7 contains pyrophosphatase to destroy any residual pyrophosphate anion present in each of 5.
- a stream of 9 is then carried forward at the same rate via microfluidic tubing into a third chamber 10 where these droplets are contacted with a third stream of five micron aqueous spherical droplets 11 also fed thereto through a corresponding droplet head 12.
- the time taken for each of 9 to move between chambers 6 and 10 is c.2minutes.
- Droplets 9 and 11 are then caused to coalesce in 10 to produce droplets 13 (approximately ten microns in diameter).
- Each of 11 contains a mesophilic ligase, a thermophilic polymerase exhibiting 3' -5' double-stranded exonuclease activity and a probe system comprising four pairs of single-stranded oligonucleotides similar to those described in Example 1.
- Each first oligonucleotide is 40 nucleotides long and has a different 20 th nucleotide (measured from the 5' end) characteristic of the four characteristic nucleotide base types of DNA (i.e. A, T, G and C).
- Each first oligonucleotide is also labelled with multiple fluorophores and quenchers in close proximity to each other such that in their bound-together state they are essentially non-fluorescing and when released they fluoresce at a wavelength characteristic of the first oligonucleotide from which they are derived.
- the four different second oligonucleotides are each 115 nucleotide bases long, have different terminating sequences at their two ends which are complementary to the regions flanking the 20 th bases of the first oligonucleotides, and have a common 76 base pair linker region.
- the stream of the coalesced microdroplets 13 so formed is then subjected to incubation at 37°C for 30 minutes followed by 70°C for 30 minutes. At the end of this time 13 is transferred to the detection system, 14.
- the detection system typically comprises a detection window in which each droplet is interrogated with incident light from a laser. Action of this light then causes the released fluorophores in each droplet to fluoresce in a way characteristic of the single nucleotide base which was originally incorporated into the captured molecule (or essentially not at all if the droplet was originally empty). The presence or absence of this fluorescence is then detected at the four characteristic wavelengths of the four fluorophores mentioned above.
- the sequence of nucleotide bases in the original polynucleotide analyte can in effect be read off.
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CA2951212A CA2951212C (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
BR112016029548A BR112016029548A2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | nucleic acid sequencing method and multicomponent biological probe system |
JP2017503523A JP6433575B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
ES15744290.6T ES2610461T3 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Unique nucleotide detection method |
CN201580034262.2A CN106471133B (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Mononucleotide detection method |
US14/903,174 US9856528B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
EP15744290.6A EP3013987B1 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
DK15744290.6T DK3013987T3 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Method for Detecting Single Nucleotides |
AU2015293706A AU2015293706B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
KR1020177001507A KR101754091B1 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2015-07-22 | Single nucleotide detection method |
US15/808,004 US10501795B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2017-11-09 | Single nucleotide detection method |
US15/817,617 US10519497B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2017-11-20 | Single nucleotide detection method |
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