WO2011072055A2 - Methods and arrangements for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of vocal folds by optical coherence tomography - Google Patents
Methods and arrangements for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of vocal folds by optical coherence tomography Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011072055A2 WO2011072055A2 PCT/US2010/059534 US2010059534W WO2011072055A2 WO 2011072055 A2 WO2011072055 A2 WO 2011072055A2 US 2010059534 W US2010059534 W US 2010059534W WO 2011072055 A2 WO2011072055 A2 WO 2011072055A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00163—Optical arrangements
- A61B1/00172—Optical arrangements with means for scanning
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
- A61B5/0062—Arrangements for scanning
- A61B5/0066—Optical coherence imaging
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
- A61B5/0082—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes
- A61B5/0084—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
- A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
- A61B5/6852—Catheters
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/267—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for the respiratory tract, e.g. laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes
- A61B1/2673—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for the respiratory tract, e.g. laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes for monitoring movements of vocal chords
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
- A61B5/7285—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis for synchronising or triggering a physiological measurement or image acquisition with a physiological event or waveform, e.g. an ECG signal
Definitions
- Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to .the utilization of optical coherence tomography for obtaining information regarding at least one anatomical structure, and more particularly to exemplary methods and arrangements for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of vocal folds using optical coherence tomography procedures.
- Voice disorders can disrupt normal human communication causing far- reaching negative personal and social-economic consequences for those affected. It is estimated that about 7.5 million Americans suffer from voice disorders.
- One of the main causes of voice disorders can be damage to the subepithelial layers of laryngeal vocal fold tissue that must vibrate periodically and at high frequencies (e.g., 100-1,000 Hz) to produce a normal voice.
- the paired vocal folds located inside the larynx (as shown in Figure 1), provide an interesting and highly efficient biomechanical system for a sound generation.
- the vocal folds are first abducted for inspiration (as shown in a left portion of Figure 1), and then adducted (as shown in a right portion of Figure 1) during exhalation.
- inspiration as shown in a left portion of Figure 1
- adducted as shown in a right portion of Figure 1
- aerodynamic forces and the intrinsic elasticity of the vocal fold tissue set the folds into periodic oscillation.
- the air steam is thereby modulated, generating an acoustic buzz we hear as the voice.
- waves e.g., mucosal waves
- the mucosal waves can become more rapid and shallow.
- Detailed biomechanics and aerodynamics underlying voice production may still not be completely understood, although the periodic and symmetrical motions of the mucosal waves to valve the airflow can be important. Thus, diseases or injuries that affect these waves can often result in voice disorders.
- the mucosal waves can be made possible by the presence of a layer of extremely soft and elastic connective tissue just beneath the epithelium, called the supeficial lamina basement ("SLP").
- SLP is about 1 mm thick and is rich in hyaluronic acid, a resilient extracellular matrix molecule that is also abundant in the vitreous humor of the eye and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks.
- a healthy layer of SLP is important to a good voice, but the SLP in a vulnerable location, and is frequently damaged by diseases or trauma. Other diseases that thicken and stiffen the epithelium, such as cancer and papilloma can also have significant impacts on the voice.
- an analysis of vocal fold vibration can be greatly improved if a procedure becomes available for capturing the three-dimensional (3D) motions of the vocal folds quantitatively and with high temporal and spatial resolution.
- a procedure becomes available for capturing the three-dimensional (3D) motions of the vocal folds quantitatively and with high temporal and spatial resolution.
- Such a method could reduce subjectivity and make laryngeal exams more reliable and amenable to biomechanical analysis, rather than relying on visual impressions.
- Parameters such as amplitude, symmetry, velocity and wavelength of mucosal waves could be compared before and after treatment or between normal and diseased vocal folds.
- High-speed imaging overcomes some of the limitations of stroboscopy; however, it is still a 2D method limited to viewing the vocal fold surfaces. (See Kendall, K. A., High-Speed Laryngeal Imaging Compared With Videostroboscopy in Healthy Subjects, Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery vol. 135, pp. 274-281,
- Dynamic cross-sectional imaging can provide additional information into the anatomical and biomechanical bases of voice disorders.
- the ability to observe cross-sectional dynamics would permit analysis of the deformation of implanted materials designed to match the viscoelastic properties of the normal SLP.
- satisfactory method or system for assessing the biomechanics of these materials in situ may be unknown
- Optical coherence tomography is an optical procedure that can utilize interferometry of backscattered near-infrared light to image cross-sections of tissue in patients, with a resolution of typically about 10 ⁇ .
- Time-domain OCT has become an important diagnostic imaging tool in ophthalmology.
- OCT has also shown promise in identifying dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and colonic adenomas, for discerning all of the histopathologic features of vulnerable coronary plaques, and for static imaging of vocal fold mucosa and vocal fold pathology.
- OCT procedure has been too slow for providing a comprehensive 3D microscopic imaging, and therefore has been relegated to a point- sampling technique with a field of view comparable to a conventional biopsy.
- Fourier-domain ranging techniques instead of the delay-scanning interferometry of OCT, has led to an improvement in a detection sensitivity.
- Such procedure i.e., optical frequency domain interferometry (OFDI) leverages high sensitivity to provide orders of magnitude faster imaging speed compared to the conventional OCT procedure.
- OFDI optical frequency domain interferometry
- the image acquisition speed provided by the OFDI techniques may not be fast enough to capture vocal fold motion directly.
- One exemplary OFDI system can acquire about 50,000 (continuous) to 370,000 (short burst) axial line (A-line) scans per second. For example, to obtain a single image frame containing about 1,000 A-lines, the OFDI system can takes about 3-20 ms. This frame acquisition time can be too slow to image the vocal folds, which vibrate at frequencies of about 100-1000 Hz. To capture such a fast motion directly, without motion artifacts, the frame rate would have to be much higher than 10 kHz (10-100 phases), which would likely use an A-line rate to be higher than 10 MHz. Such specification may not currently be attainable due to various technical problems. Furthermore, it can result in a substantially decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and clinically unacceptable poor image quality.
- SNR signal-to-noise ratio
- Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can address at least most of the above-described needs and/or issues by facilitating imaging of the vocal fold motion quantitatively with four-dimensional (e.g., 4D: x,y,z and time) resolution.
- the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can utilize Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT)— herein also referred to as optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI), a procedure that is described in, e.g., S. H., Tearney, G. J., de Boer, J. F., Iftimia, N. & Bouma, B. E., High-speed optical frequency-domain imaging, Optics Express 11, pp. 2953-2963 (2003).
- OCT optical coherence tomography
- OFDI optical frequency domain imaging
- An exemplary embodiment of the procedure, system and method according to the present disclosure can facilitate a production of a sequence of high-resolution 3D images of the vocal folds over a full cycle of vibration.
- such exemplary embodiments can be used in a similar way as conventional stroboscopy is used, while facilitating the examination of not only the surface, but also the motion of the entire volume of the essential superficial tissues, quantitatively.
- image acquisition methods can be provided which can rely on a use of a voice signal from a microphone, an electroglottograph (EGG) or a subglottic pressure transducer for synchronization.
- Stable phonation and repeatable triggering as used in conventional stroboscopy, is necessary.
- the probe laser beam can be scanned across the vocal fold, acquiring axial profiles at each spatial location and each temporal phase of motion.
- a subsequent image reconstruction based on the timing synchronization with the voice signal will produce a sequence of high-resolution 3D images of the vocal folds over a full cycle of vibration.
- a dynamic cross-sectional imaging of vibrating vocal folds can be achieved, which has not been previously obtained demonstrated.
- 4D vocal fold imaging of a patient and animal models can be expected to certain exemplary impacts.
- the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can facilitate the clinicians to compare volumetric vocal fold motion of normal and diseased vocal folds quantitatively and observe the location and extent of subsurface pathology in both dynamic and static modes. This can elucidate how pathologies affect vocal fold motion and resulting voice quality, which in turn should lead to improvements in treatment methods.
- OCT optical coherence tomography
- exemplary embodiments of an apparatus and a method can be provided.
- a first information can be obtained for at least one signal that is (i) at least partially periodic and (ii) associated with at least one structure.
- a second information associated with the structure can be generated at multiple time points within a single cycle of the at least one signal.
- the second information can include information for the structure below a surface thereof.
- at least one third arrangement (or a plurality of third arrangements, it is possible to generate a third information based on the first information and the second information, where the third information is associated with at least one characteristic of the structure.
- the first information can include first data for multiple time points within one cycle of such at least partially periodic signal.
- the third information can include at least one image associated with the structure, which can include a three-dimensional image and/or multiple sequential images over the multiple time points.
- the third information can include one or more of (i) velocity information of a periodic motion of the structure during the multiple time points, (ii) mechanical properties of the structure during the multiple time points, (iii) strain information for the structure, and/or (iv) further information regarding a periodic motion of the structure during the multiple time points.
- the structure can be (i) at least one anatomical structure, (ii) at least one vocal cord, and/or (iii) polymers or viscoelastic materials.
- the second arrangement(s) can include an optical coherence tomography arrangement.
- the optical coherence arrangement can be configured to transmit a radiation the structure, and to control the radiation as a function the first information provided by the first arrangement(s).
- the optical coherence arrangement can be facilitated in an endoscope or a catheter.
- the second information can include a phase interference information associated with the structure, and the third arrangement(s) can be configured to determine at least one characteristic of a motion of the structure using the phase interference information.
- the characteristic(s) of the motion can comprise an amplitude property of the motion.
- the radiation can be controlled by controlling a propagation direction of the radiation.
- the first arrangement(s) can obtain the first information during a motion of the structure.
- a periodicity of the motion can be in a range of approximately 10Hz and lOKHz.
- the third information can be provided for an internal portion of the structure.
- the first arrangement(s) can include one or more of (i) a piezoelectrical transducer, (ii) an ultrasound transducer, (iii) an optical position sensor, or (iv) an imaging arrangement which indicates a motion of or within the structure.
- Figure 1 are images of vocal folds using a transoral laryngoscope and strobe illumination, with the left-side image illustrating a normal vocal folds during inspiration, and a right-side image illustrating adducted vocal folds during a vibration;
- Figure 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an OFDI system for dynamic vocal fold imaging according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
- Figure 3A is a diagram associated with an exemplary triggered scan procedure for high temporal resolution image acquisition and reconstruction according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure which can utilize a voice signal from a microphone or electroglottograph for time synchronization;
- Figure 3B is a diagram associated with an exemplary continuous scan for an accelerated high temporal resolution image acquisition and reconstruction according to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure which can utilize a voice signal from a microphone or electroglottograph for time synchronization;
- Figure 4a is an exemplary configuration illustrating a vocal fold tissue on a vibrating toothbrush head according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- Figure 4b are exemplary reconstruction images of instantaneous snapshots of the rapidly vibrating tissue according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, with a symbol S being systole, and a symbol D being diastole;
- Figure 5 are exemplary graphs indicating exemplary data depicting a Doppler- induced artifact based on exemplary OFDI images of a moving mirror, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure
- Figure 6a is an exemplary OFDI image of the vocal fold after injecting PEG into the mucosa, so as to provide exemplary data and indicate an exemplary concept of elastography for characterizing biomechanical properties of implants in the vocal folds, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure
- Figure 6b are exemplary illustrations of an expected deformation of the implant in the vibrating vocal fold so as to provide the exemplary data and indicate an exemplary concept of elastography for characterizing biomechanical properties of implants in the vocal folds, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure
- Figure 7a is an illustration of an exemplary vocal fold ex-vivo testing apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure using which a hemisected larynx is sealed in a chamber and warm humidified air is blown past the vocal fold, which is apposed to a glass slide;
- Figure 7b is an enlarged illustration of the bisected larynx showing vocal fold against glass; and [0037] Figure 8 is a block diagram of a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic of an exemplary embodiment of a high-speed
- Such exemplary system 200 can utilize the following elements: a polygon-scanning semiconductor laser 210 with a sweep rate up to 100 kHz and broad tuning range at 1.3 ⁇ ; a dual -balanced polarization-diverse fiber-optic interferometer 220; a circulator 230, an acousto-optic frequency shifter 240 to receive the radiation from the circulator 230 and a reference arm 235, and to remove depth degeneracy.
- the exemplary system 200 also includes a probe 250 utilizing a miniature two-dimensional (2D) MEMS scanner 255, and a transducer 260 to synchronize the beam scanner 255 to the vocal fold vibration.
- 2D miniature two-dimensional
- the receiver signal can be digitized at about 50-100 MS/s by a high-speed digitizer 270 (in conjunction with the signals received from a balanced receiver 275 and a trigger circuit 280), and streamed to a hard disk for recording as well as to a computer 290 for real-time image display. It is possible to utilize such exemplary system 200 to provide certain exemplary image acquisition processing procedures as described herein.
- Figures 3A and 3B illustrates exemplary image acquisition procedures according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- the acquisition modes shown in Figures 3A and 3B can rely on using a voice signal from a microphone or electroglottograph for synchronization. As in conventional stroboscopy, relatively stable phonation and repeatable triggering is necessary.
- one vertical line 315 can be sampled repeatedly per cycle, and a positive zero- crossing of the voice waveform can trigger the beam to move to the next horizontal position 320.
- a series of A-lines during a single motion cycle can be recorded (M- mode).
- A-lines that have been captured at different positions but at the same phase of the periodic motion can be grouped together to reconstruct "snap-shot" cross-sectional images 325. These snapshots can then be rendered as frames in a video that shows high resolution motion over a complete cycle of vibration.
- the image capture time (in seconds) can be approximately equal to the total number of acquired A-lines divided by the voice frequency.
- the basic principle of this exemplary technique can be referred to as a gated image acquisition that is described in Lanzer, P. et al, Cardiac Imaging Using Gated Magnetic-Resonance, Radiology 150, 121-127 (1984), and has been used with a time-domain OCT system for embryonic heart imaging at a heartbeat frequency ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. (See Jenkins, M. W., Chughtai, O. Q., Basavanhally, A. N., Watanabe, M. & Rollins, A.
- FIG. 1 shown illustrations associated with another exemplary mode 350 of operation (e.g., Mode-2) that can facilitate a faster image acquisition.
- the imaging processing arrangement can execute continuously at full speed (no triggering) and the 4D image (e.g., three spatial dimensions plus time) will be reconstructed offline by using the voice signal for timing synchronization.
- This exemplary mode of Figure 3B can be advantageous for providing a global picture of vocal fold function, e.g., capturing a 3D image over the anterior-to-posterior extent of the vocal folds, including depth, over a full cycle of vibration.
- Mode-1 310 of Figure 3 A can be implemented using an exemplary 10 kHz, 1.7 ⁇ OFDI system.
- Figure 4a shows an exemplary image 410 of such exemplary configuration in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- a small magnet can be attached to the motor shaft, which provides a trigger signal through a wire pick-up coil for a time synchronization.
- a galvanometer mirror scanner can move the probe laser beam laterally across the tissue, e.g., in a step-wise manner upon receiving the trigger signal at approximately 50 Hz.
- Figure 4b shows exemplary representative reconstructed images 420 of exemplary reconstruction of instantaneous snapshots of the rapidly vibrating tissue. Arrows in Figure 4b indicate several exemplary local velocity vectors calculated by simple image correlation.
- One of the prominent artifacts can be the Doppler-induced distortion arising from the velocity component parallel to the optical beam axis, as shown in Figure 5 which illustrates exemplary graphs 500 indicating exemplary data depicting a Doppler- induced artifact based on exemplary OFDI images of a moving mirror, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- the exemplary OFDI images of a moving mirror e.g., amplitude: 0.78 mm, frequency: 30 Hz
- the vertical axis represents the depth over 3.8 mm.
- the horizontal axis represents the time.
- the vibration amplitude in the images is artifactually increased as the A-line acquisition rate decreases (i.e., as the absolute sample movement during A-line acquisition increases).
- a moving sample can create a signal modulation even in the absence of tuning with the Doppler frequency: 2 V z IX, where V z is the axial velocity and ⁇ is the center optical wavelength.
- the Doppler frequency can be added to the original modulation frequency of the OFDI signal, resulting in an erroneous depth offset.
- Sz is the axial resolution (e.g., about 10-15 ⁇ ) and AT is the A- line integration time (e.g., about 10-20 ⁇ ). Therefore, the Doppler axial shift (error) can be, e.g., 10-15 times of the actual displacement.
- the vocal fold vibration can inevitably deviate from a perfect periodicity according to the patient's ability and the duration of the phonation.
- Exemplary procedures according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented to simulate such non-ideal situations with the motorized stage and refine the exemplary procedures so that the variations in motion during image acquisition are detected and taken into account, as far as possible, during image reconstruction.
- An exemplary embodiment of a procedure according to the present disclosure can also be utilized to compensate for the Doppler-induced artifact based on the velocity map obtained from the OFDI images.
- the fast 4D imaging capability can facilitate a quantitative analysis of various functional parameters of vocal folds.
- Clinically useful parameters can include a vibration amplitude map (in 3D and over time), a velocity map, a strain map, and an elasticity (Young's modulus) map.
- anatomical structures in the vocal fold such as the tissue surface, epithelial layer, and the junction between the epithelium and superficial lamina propria (SLP), as well as other heterogeneous features or injected materials.
- a motion tracking procedure can be applied to trace the movement of these microstructures in 3D over time from the sequence of reconstructed snapshot images.
- This exemplary analysis facilitate a reproduction of a vibration amplitude and velocity maps,
- the axial velocity of tissue motion can be directly measured by phase-sensitive OFDI procedure(s) and/or system(s) according to certain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- An exemplary OCT-based elastography procedure for strain and elasticity mapping can be challenging because the short optical wavelengths used result in rapid noise- and strain-induced decorrelation of intensity patterns between consecutive image frames.
- motion tracking based on a frozen speckle assumption has not been successful for vascular optical elastography, particularly for structures on the size scale of arterial walls.
- OCT-based arterial elastography robust estimation exploiting tissue biomechanics, Optics Express 12, pp. 4558-4572 (2004). Therefore, it is possible to first minimize speckle by in- and out-of-plane frame averaging, taking advantage of the highspeed volumetric imaging capability of our system.
- This exemplary procedure can also facilitate a generation of the velocity map.
- a strain map can be calculated from the spatial derivative of the velocity map. Normally, the stress field that drives the vocal fold vibration is completely unknown. This can make it challenging to create a full tissue elasticity map, even with iterative numerical processing. To evaluate the initial feasibility of elastography, it is possible to investigate the relatively simple case of injected materials with a known viscoelasticity.
- Figure 6a shows an exemplary OFDI image 610 of the vocal fold after injecting PEG into the mucosa, so as to provide exemplary data and indicate an exemplary concept of elastography for characterizing biomechanical properties of implants in the vocal folds, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- the exemplary OFDI image in Figure 6a is that of a calf vocal fold ex vivo after injecting a polyethylene-glycol (PEG) based polymer gel, which is translucent so it shows up as white void.
- PEG polyethylene-glycol
- Figure 6b shows exemplary illustrations 620 of an expected deformation of the implant in the vibrating vocal fold so as to provide the exemplary data and indicate an exemplary concept of elastography for characterizing biomechanical properties of implants in the vocal folds, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
- Figures 7a and 7b show exemplary images/photographs of exemplary vocal fold ex-vivo testing apparatus 700 according to an exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, as well as an illustration of the vocal cord 710 which is analyzed thereby.
- Figure 7a illustrates the exemplary vocal fold ex-vivo testing apparatus 700 (which can be an exemplary OCT system) according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure using which a hemisected larynx 710 is sealed in a chamber and warm humidified air is blown past the vocal fold, which is apposed to a glass slide.
- the vocal fold exhibits mucosal wave motion that can be similar to an intact larynx.
- the exemplary OCT system 700 can be positioned to view the medial surface of the vocal fold through the glass slide 720.
- a pressure transducer can be placed in the airway below the vocal folds and connected to a signal conditioner, amplifier and trigger circuit for synchronization.
- Figure 7b illustrates an enlarged view of the bisected larynx 710 showing vocal fold against glass.
- exemplary OFDI techniques and systems can be their compatibility with single-mode optical fiber delivery to the vocal fold through narrow diameter, flexible fiber-optic catheters.
- a 2.8 mm (diameter) OCT catheter can be used for oral and laryngeal examination.
- the exemplary catheter can incorporate a micro-mirror scanner implemented with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology.
- MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems
- Such exemplary catheter can be coupled to a spectral-domain OCT system for 3D endoscopic imaging of mucosa by direct contact to the tissue.
- This exemplary catheter can be used for 3D contact imaging of vocal folds in human patients undergoing laryngeal surgery, and to resolve vocal fold layers and details of vocal fold pathologies.
- Imaging vibrating vocal folds can use a non-contact long working distance optics, making the previous contact catheter design inadequate. According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to determine optical design specifications, including the working distance and internal beam diameter, for the realization of rigid and eventually flexible transnasal catheters based on a MEMS scanner.
- a reliable trigger signal can be obtained from an electroglottographic (EGG) waveform, a signal that tracks changes in electrical impedance across the vocal folds during their opening and closing.
- the EGG can be obtained using surface electrodes and an EGG instrument (e.g., Glottal Enterprises, EG-2). It is possible to use a system for synchronized capture of high-speed images and EGG signals.
- Temporal landmarks in the glottal cycle can be extracted from the high-speed video using existing software for tracking the edges of the vocal folds across frames.
- the simultaneously acquired EGG signal can then be processed digitally to determine the filtering and triggering parameters (e.g., differentiation followed by Schmitt trigger) to minimize time jitter in the triggering.
- An analog trigger circuit for OCT synchronization can be provided based on those exemplary results. [0055] Exemplary tradeoffs can exist between the time required to acquire a 3D data set and the spatio-temporal resolution of that data set.
- FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
- a first information can be obtained for at least one signal that is (i) at least partially periodic and (ii) associated with at least one structure.
- a second information associated with the structure can be generated at multiple time points within a single cycle of the at least one signal.
- the second information can include information for the structure below a surface thereof.
- a third information can be provided that is based on the first information and the second information. The third information can be associated with at least one characteristic of the structure.
Abstract
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JP2012543258A JP5711260B2 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2010-12-08 | Method and apparatus for analyzing, diagnosing and treating treatment of vocal folds by optical coherence tomography |
EP10836641.0A EP2509488A4 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2010-12-08 | Methods and arrangements for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of vocal folds by optical coherence tomography |
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EP2509488A2 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
JP5711260B2 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
WO2011072055A3 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
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US20110224541A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
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